Low-power wide area networks will be the public IoT wireless best solution. Why? We may wish to start with two scenarios: The first scenario requires that a public network operator pay for the network infrastructure; the second scenario is to allow public network providers to use the network infrastructure for free. Finally, we can see how the low power wide area network solution will solve these problems.
The success of the public IoT network
Let's take a look at the characteristics of a successful public IoT solution provider. In all types of business, a successful business model is to use the least resources to achieve maximum benefits. For wireless network solutions, the largest proportion of resources are spent on infrastructure (for cellular networks, licensed spectrum must also be purchased). The costs of these infrastructures include site acquisition costs, power supply, physical access point installations, base station deployment costs, etc. These costs vary with the size of the network. These costs are for every company that wants to become a network operator. Although the specific figures vary from region to region, the overall difference is not significant.
Scenario 1: Operators bear the cost of network infrastructure
It is not easy to build a public network and generate operating revenue. Generally, the public network realizes revenue by having enough paying users to dilute infrastructure investment. For IoT network operators, paying users depend on the devices they access. The amount of paid devices is closely related to the available network capacity (or data throughput) of each access point, that is, the address space capacity of each AP. It has a great impact on paid income. A useful capacity criterion is the number of given unit characters (eg, 32 bits) that can be transmitted through the AP at a given time (typically 1 second).
The capacity of these transmissions can be categorized according to the data requirements of the device. Some devices need to transmit large amounts of data. Then only a few terminal needs are responded within a given time period. If the device only needs to transmit a very small amount of data, then A large number of device requirements can be responded during a given period of time. For any wireless technology, this is an objective reality.
Each device can access the network for a fee, so capacity becomes a limiting factor that can generate revenue in the public-opportunity network. The larger the capacity of each base station, the greater the revenue generated by this resource, and the greater the yield of each base station. The capacity is an essential factor in the successful operation of the network.
From another perspective, every access device should bring certain benefits. Due to limited data throughput at a given time, each base station or AP can only respond to a certain number of devices. Therefore, the revenue per device multiplied by the number of devices that the AP can connect to becomes the theoretical maximum revenue that each AP can generate. The total revenue minus the cost is the profit of the network operation.
In this scenario, low-power public network APs do not have high access capacity, and the revenue generated is lower than the cost of deploying APs. This results in a failed network operation and eventually leads to network shutdown.
Fortunately, the network capacity can be calculated with enough information; however, this is a non-reversible process, and the loss after an operation failure cannot be remedied afterwards. Therefore, new wireless technology designs (such as new cellular technologies) are needed.
Scenario 2: Operators do not need to bear the cost of network infrastructure
We assume that network operators can obtain network infrastructure for free. Similarly, the success of this scenario requires that each base station has enough paid users to access.
When there are enough devices to access, network operators need to consider increasing the total revenue; in addition, some large customers or customers with confidentiality may need more network capacity to prepare for the increased demand of terminals for their growing business. In this regard, wireless network operators may build more base stations or APs to increase network capacity, ie, "dilatation," and cellular networks call "base station encryption." This is critical for public network capacity.
However, many low-power wide-area network technologies cannot achieve effective capacity expansion when the network is overloaded. This problem is due to its technical defects.
Network expansion requires not only APs to have related functions, but also intelligent terminals. Smart terminals can acquire sensor status, adjust transmit power, and Other functions. These functions require new technologies from chip to firmware to network architecture and management. If a network cannot be scaled on demand, network traffic will increase as the current business grows, thereby undermining its performance.
Some low-power wide area network technologies cannot achieve on-demand scaling because they do not support transmit power control at design time. This is only one of the related capabilities. Let's examine how it affects scalability: Assuming that one base station Y is full, you build another base station Z in its vicinity and can serve some end nodes connected to the Y base station. Some low-power wide-area network solution providers do not consciously reduce the signal power. These terminal nodes will continue to use the same power as before to broadcast signals, forming "noise." In this way, the base station Y is still transmitting and receiving signals of all the terminal nodes just like the base station Z was deployed before. In addition, when the Z base station has its own access terminal node, a considerable part of these terminals are located within the transmission and reception range of the Y base station, which means that the access point before the Y base station not only communicates with the Z base station but also with the Y base station. Keep on communicating. In this way, the addition of new APs does not bring about synchronous expansion of the network. Adding new APs does not solve this problem.
In short, all newly added end nodes connected to the new AP will interfere with the old AP, which runs counter to network expansion. This kind of network technology means that as long as the network capacity reaches the upper limit, its capacity will never be able to expand; it also means that when the business grows, a large amount of access to more equipment cannot be realized, and the equipment originally connected to the network will suffer. The bitter fruit of shrinking performance.
How to solve this dilemma?
The above two scenarios describe the predicament that hinders the development of the Internet of Things. In both scenarios, network operations have failed, mainly due to its supporting technology.
As mentioned earlier, some underlying reasons are always hidden under the surface. The success of network operations dedicated to the Internet of Things requires a redesign of network technologies. Some existing low-power wide area network technologies are good choices. These technologies can solve two problems: making each AP's capacity reach a profit point and ensuring that the network is scalable.
Capacity above profitability and network scalability require innovation in all aspects of wireless technology. Innovations in hardware, firmware, networks, software, and many other aspects will require innovation. Low-power wide-area networks will become the core technology supporting the future vision of the Internet of Things.
The success of the public IoT network
Let's take a look at the characteristics of a successful public IoT solution provider. In all types of business, a successful business model is to use the least resources to achieve maximum benefits. For wireless network solutions, the largest proportion of resources are spent on infrastructure (for cellular networks, licensed spectrum must also be purchased). The costs of these infrastructures include site acquisition costs, power supply, physical access point installations, base station deployment costs, etc. These costs vary with the size of the network. These costs are for every company that wants to become a network operator. Although the specific figures vary from region to region, the overall difference is not significant.
Scenario 1: Operators bear the cost of network infrastructure
It is not easy to build a public network and generate operating revenue. Generally, the public network realizes revenue by having enough paying users to dilute infrastructure investment. For IoT network operators, paying users depend on the devices they access. The amount of paid devices is closely related to the available network capacity (or data throughput) of each access point, that is, the address space capacity of each AP. It has a great impact on paid income. A useful capacity criterion is the number of given unit characters (eg, 32 bits) that can be transmitted through the AP at a given time (typically 1 second).
The capacity of these transmissions can be categorized according to the data requirements of the device. Some devices need to transmit large amounts of data. Then only a few terminal needs are responded within a given time period. If the device only needs to transmit a very small amount of data, then A large number of device requirements can be responded during a given period of time. For any wireless technology, this is an objective reality.
Each device can access the network for a fee, so capacity becomes a limiting factor that can generate revenue in the public-opportunity network. The larger the capacity of each base station, the greater the revenue generated by this resource, and the greater the yield of each base station. The capacity is an essential factor in the successful operation of the network.
From another perspective, every access device should bring certain benefits. Due to limited data throughput at a given time, each base station or AP can only respond to a certain number of devices. Therefore, the revenue per device multiplied by the number of devices that the AP can connect to becomes the theoretical maximum revenue that each AP can generate. The total revenue minus the cost is the profit of the network operation.
In this scenario, low-power public network APs do not have high access capacity, and the revenue generated is lower than the cost of deploying APs. This results in a failed network operation and eventually leads to network shutdown.
Fortunately, the network capacity can be calculated with enough information; however, this is a non-reversible process, and the loss after an operation failure cannot be remedied afterwards. Therefore, new wireless technology designs (such as new cellular technologies) are needed.
Scenario 2: Operators do not need to bear the cost of network infrastructure
We assume that network operators can obtain network infrastructure for free. Similarly, the success of this scenario requires that each base station has enough paid users to access.
When there are enough devices to access, network operators need to consider increasing the total revenue; in addition, some large customers or customers with confidentiality may need more network capacity to prepare for the increased demand of terminals for their growing business. In this regard, wireless network operators may build more base stations or APs to increase network capacity, ie, "dilatation," and cellular networks call "base station encryption." This is critical for public network capacity.
However, many low-power wide-area network technologies cannot achieve effective capacity expansion when the network is overloaded. This problem is due to its technical defects.
Network expansion requires not only APs to have related functions, but also intelligent terminals. Smart terminals can acquire sensor status, adjust transmit power, and Other functions. These functions require new technologies from chip to firmware to network architecture and management. If a network cannot be scaled on demand, network traffic will increase as the current business grows, thereby undermining its performance.
Some low-power wide area network technologies cannot achieve on-demand scaling because they do not support transmit power control at design time. This is only one of the related capabilities. Let's examine how it affects scalability: Assuming that one base station Y is full, you build another base station Z in its vicinity and can serve some end nodes connected to the Y base station. Some low-power wide-area network solution providers do not consciously reduce the signal power. These terminal nodes will continue to use the same power as before to broadcast signals, forming "noise." In this way, the base station Y is still transmitting and receiving signals of all the terminal nodes just like the base station Z was deployed before. In addition, when the Z base station has its own access terminal node, a considerable part of these terminals are located within the transmission and reception range of the Y base station, which means that the access point before the Y base station not only communicates with the Z base station but also with the Y base station. Keep on communicating. In this way, the addition of new APs does not bring about synchronous expansion of the network. Adding new APs does not solve this problem.
In short, all newly added end nodes connected to the new AP will interfere with the old AP, which runs counter to network expansion. This kind of network technology means that as long as the network capacity reaches the upper limit, its capacity will never be able to expand; it also means that when the business grows, a large amount of access to more equipment cannot be realized, and the equipment originally connected to the network will suffer. The bitter fruit of shrinking performance.
How to solve this dilemma?
The above two scenarios describe the predicament that hinders the development of the Internet of Things. In both scenarios, network operations have failed, mainly due to its supporting technology.
As mentioned earlier, some underlying reasons are always hidden under the surface. The success of network operations dedicated to the Internet of Things requires a redesign of network technologies. Some existing low-power wide area network technologies are good choices. These technologies can solve two problems: making each AP's capacity reach a profit point and ensuring that the network is scalable.
Capacity above profitability and network scalability require innovation in all aspects of wireless technology. Innovations in hardware, firmware, networks, software, and many other aspects will require innovation. Low-power wide-area networks will become the core technology supporting the future vision of the Internet of Things.
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