滴灌(浸)式布液

滴灌式布液是近几年发展起来的一种新的布液方式。美国内华达州不少堆浸场已将喷淋布液改为滴浸布液。它的优点是蒸发量小,不产生雾,冰冻季节能维持生产。

它是由主管道,滴浸管和液滴发射管等组成。美国罗彻斯特(Rochester)金矿的滴浸系统采用Φ15cm,长91m的主管道,然后向两侧接出Φ11.2mm的滴浸软管,软管间距为91cm。软管上液滴发射管间隔76cm。滴浸速度通过液滴发射管的选择、发射管间距或管道中压力调节来控制,如图1所示。

图1  滴浸布液示意图

这种布液方式在干旱、蒸发量大而又缺水的地区,以及刮风大的地区有其独到的优点,但是它的安装工作量大。特别是对矿石块度大,而矿堆高度很低时,它是不适用的。因为浸润半径小,有一部分矿石浸不到。罗彻斯特金矿堆高6m,在前述安装条件下,有1%的矿石未浸出,如果堆高仅2~3m,则有更多的矿石不能与溶浸液接触。图2中空白部分,表示溶浸液未能渗入的区域。我国新疆沙尔布拉克所做的滴浸试验表明,这种布液方式,对结垢比较敏感。当把滴浸系统埋入矿堆中进行操作时,一旦发射管结垢,或被细泥堵塞,很不容易发现,不如喷头一旦发生故障,操作人员就能及时发现及时排除故障。

图2  罗彻斯特金矿矿堆滴浸示意图 (图中空白部分表示未浸到部分)

滴浸用的软管和发射管的形式各异,品种多样,结构和工作原理也有区别。有的软管与发射管合一,在软管的不同位置,不同距离处压成内螺纹,或者平面螺纹,也有做成迷宫式的。但多数是软管和发射管分设。如图3所示,发射管分别缠绕或分插在软管上。软管内径一般为10~12mm,发射管内径为0.8~2.0mm。借助水流在很长的发射管中流动所产生的摩擦水头损失来消除多余的能量。这样就可以用改变发射管长度的办法来控制溶浸液的流出量,做到在同一软管上出水量基本相同。用得较多的是孔口式发射管,如图4所示。它由孔口和一个盖组成。当软管中的承压液体经过孔口时,其能量被收缩的断面消耗一部分,液流离开孔口时因扩散又消耗一部分,当液流碰到顶盖时被折射能量再一次消耗一部分,这样一来,液流形成不连续的水滴。

图3  缠绕式(a)及升插式(b)发射滴管

图4  孔口式发射滴管

1-进口;2-出口;3-横向水道

中国农科院农田灌溉研究所生产的滴浸装置,其孔口内径为0.86~0.66mm。组合安装在一直径为10mm、长30m的塑料管上,据称两端的液流量相差在20%以内。

核工业北京化冶院金锁庆等研究过时间、滴浸速度、润湿直径与润湿深度的关系,对于-6mm的矿石,若滴浸速度为30L∕(h·m2),

经过5h的滴浸,所有的矿石均能润湿。

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