The idea of ​​using a ground-based laser station to launch a spacecraft was born in the 1970s and was proposed by former Soviet scientists and American scientists. The main principle is that after a certain laser or a substance is irradiated with a powerful laser beam, a local explosion phenomenon occurs, and a powerful shock wave generated by the explosion can be used as a power source of the propeller. A spacecraft equipped with a laser engine is like a fast-moving sailing ship. There is no extra part except the "mast" and "sail". In 1997, American scientists successfully launched a spacecraft for the first time with the help of a laser engine.
The spacecraft experimental device using lasers studied in Russia has a simple and unique structure in which two mirrors are used in order to make the spacecraft fly against the beam forever, and at the same time, the beam will not be on the evaporation material in such a structure. Scattering occurs. The first mirror is like a polished apex device. After the beam is directed, it reflects and focuses on the second mirror. The second mirror is placed over most of the apex mirror, focusing the collected light into a dark room containing vaporized material. The evaporating material is heated and expanded under the action of the laser beam, propelling the spacecraft to fly.
In the three-year test work, the researchers first used liquid fuel as the evaporation material, but the effect was poor. Later, solid fuel was used as the evaporation material, and the effect of polyoxymethylene was found to be the best, while the effect of using polyvinyl chloride was 30% lower, and the effect of polycarbonate was smaller.
The spacecraft developed by Russia using a laser propeller is very small. The second mirror is only 20 cm in diameter and weighs 20 grams. In the experiment, the spacecraft was driven by a 5 kW laser at a speed of 3 to 4 meters per second, and the laser converted power reached 1.5 Newtons. It is reported that the project has been funded by the International Science and Technology Center and the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan.
Russian researchers believe that it takes at least 1 megawatt of power to use a laser to launch a spacecraft into orbit. Many countries are now developing such lasers. Who was the first to develop, who will be the first country to use a laser to launch a spacecraft. The cost of developing a laser engine spacecraft is much lower than using a nuclear power engine. However, the placement of laser stations in space is already part of the anti-missile air defense system and will attract the attention of the international community.
Boiler auxiliary equipment mainly includes water supply equipment, ventilation equipment, fuel supply, slag removal and dust removal equipment, steam and water pipes and accessories, detection instruments and automatic control equipment.
1. Water supply equipment
It is composed of water treatment equipment, water supply tank and feed pump 24. Water treatment equipment is used to remove impurities in water, such as oxygen, calcium and magnesium ions, to avoid scaling and corrosion on the inner wall of steam boiler, and to ensure the quality of boiler water supply. The treated boiler feed water is lifted by the feed water pump and then sent to the upper drum through the economizer.
2. Ventilation
The ventilation equipment includes air supply fan, induced draft fan and chimney. Its function is to provide air for mule fuel combustion and lead out combustion product flue gas from the boiler, so as to ensure the normal combustion, and make the flue gas wash the heating surface at the necessary flow rate of 7a68696466fe78988e69d8331333433626465 to strengthen heat transfer. Finally, the stack with a certain height will exhaust the smoke to the atmosphere to reduce the smoke pollution and improve environmental health.
3. Fuel supply, slag removal and dust removal equipment
This is for conveying fuel to boiler, removing ash and purifying flue gas. Belt conveyor, ash conveyor, ash truck and dust remover, etc. For boilers that need to be pre processed with fuel, fuel preparation such as screening, crushing and coal grinding shall also be included. In addition, the dust remover or flue gas desulfurization and denitrification device installed in the flue at the tail of the boiler is an indispensable auxiliary equipment to reduce the smoke pollution and protect the environment.
4. Check instruments and automatic control equipment
In addition to water level gauge, pressure gauge, safety valve and other instruments installed on the boiler body, in order to supervise, regulate and control the safe and economic normal operation of the boiler equipment, a series of instruments, automatic boiler feed water regulating device, automatic fuel combustion control device, etc. are often installed. Some boiler rooms are also equipped with industrial television and remote control device and even more modern automatic control system, more Scientific supervision. Control boiler operation.
Boiler auxiliary equipment, not every boiler is equipped completely, but with the boiler capacity, type, fuel characteristics and combustion mode as well as water quality characteristics and many other factors to adapt to local conditions, adapt to the times, more practical requirements and objective conditions.
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