1. Mining basics
Mineral concept
It refers to a natural enrichment with real or potential economic value, which is formed in the ground or on the surface and formed by geological action in a solid, liquid or gaseous state. It is characterized by slow regeneration or non-regeneration, so mineral resources should be cherished and protected.
Grade: Ore grade refers to the content of useful components or useful minerals per unit weight (or unit volume) of ore. Generally expressed in weight percent (such as iron , copper , lead , zinc and other mines), some in grams / ton and so on.
Boundary grade: The cut-off grade is the lowest index of the beneficial component content of a single sample. According to this, the boundary between ore and waste rock is divided, and the ore is greater than or equal to the cut-off grade.
Industrial grade: Industrial grade refers to the lowest average grade that can be used for mining and utilization of ore or ore body under current scientific and technological conditions. The ore body or section that reaches the industrial grade has a mining value.
Mineral classification
Energy minerals, metallic minerals, nonmetallic minerals, and water and gas mineral four categories.
Metal mineral classification
According to the nature and main uses of metal elements, it is divided into: ferrous metal minerals, non-ferrous metal minerals, precious metal minerals, rare metal minerals, rare earth metal minerals, radioactive metal minerals, and dispersed element metal minerals.
(1) Ferrous metals: iron, manganese , chromium , vanadium , titanium
⑵ non-ferrous metals: copper, lead, zinc ,, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, aluminum, magnesium, tin, bismuth, Gong, antimony.
⑶ precious metals: gold, silver and platinum group metals (platinum, osmium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium)
â‘· rare metals: niobium, tantalum, beryllium, lithium, zirconium, rubidium, cesium, strontium,
(5) Rare earth metals: antimony , light rare earth ore, heavy rare earth ore, etc.
(6) Radioactive metals: including radioactive metal elements such as uranium and thorium
(7) Dispersing elemental metals: antimony , gallium , indium, etc.
Resource/reserve classification
Before the 1980s, China's mineral resource reserves were classified into five categories: A, B, C, D, and E according to the classification criteria of the former Soviet Union.
The current classification of resource reserves in China is based on the US grading standards, and the resource reserves are represented by three digits. These three digits represent three different meanings: economic significance, feasibility study stage, and geological reliability. Three different degrees are indicated by 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For example, a 111-level reserve represents an economic resource that has reached the feasibility study stage and has proven resource reserves, that is, recoverable reserves.
The reserve level code is between 111 and 334, for a total of 28 reserve levels.
The first digit meaning, 1 = economic; 2M = marginal economy; 2S = secondary marginal economy; 3 = intrinsic economy.
The second digit meaning, 1 = feasibility study; 2 = pre-feasibility study; 3 = summary study.
The third digit meaning, 1 = proven; 2 = controlled; 3 = inferred; 4 = predicted; b = basic reserves without deduction of design and mining losses.
From the perspective of mining project investment, in general, mining projects require the geological reliability of resource reserves to reach the control level of 2 or above.
Survey classification
The mineral exploration work is divided into four stages: pre-examination, census, detailed investigation and exploration.
Pre-examination: Based on the comprehensive study of the data in the area, analogy and preliminary field observations, and a small amount of engineering verification, the areas with greater mineralization potential for census are proposed.
Census: At the time of the census, through a rough study of a limited number of field work and feasibility evaluations in a large potential area, it is proposed whether there is a value for further detailed investigation, and the scope of the detailed investigation is circled. It mainly seeks inferred and predicted reserves at the 333 and 334 levels.
Detailed investigation: It is the systematic work and sampling of large-scale geological mapping and various exploration methods and means in the detailed investigation area, and through the pre-feasibility study, whether to make industrial value evaluation, circle the exploration area . The detailed investigation is mainly to assess the industrial value of minerals, and to explore the 122, 122b, and 332 levels of controlled reserves, with high credibility.
Exploration: Exploration is to carry out laboratory process tests on the processing and smelting performance of minerals by encrypting various sampling projects, confirming the value of mineral resources, providing a basis for feasibility study or mine construction design, and high credibility.
Detailed investigations and exploration reports must be issued by qualified surveying units.
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