The core technology and production technology of the Russian shipbuilding industry in the design and construction of military ships are still maintained at a high level in the world, especially the construction technology level of various types of warships is more prominent. Russia's surface ships and submarines are still exported to many countries in the world, and they have a world-class level in the world's military ship export market.
I. Development status of Russian shipbuilding industry
1. Russian shipbuilding industry develops earlier
There was a famous saying in the era of Peter the Great in Russia: "Without a strong navy, there would be no strong Russia." Russia has always attached great importance to the development of the ocean strategy and opened up the sea to the world. Its shipbuilding industry has a long history of development.
In the heyday of the development of the Soviet Union, its shipbuilding industry also reached a corresponding level of development, especially after the Second World War, the Russian shipbuilding industry achieved rapid development. It was the Soviet Navy, the Soviet merchant fleet and the Soviet scientific research fleet. Yougo built a number of modern ships and warships representing the world's level at the time of the four continents of the world's five continents.
On December 5, 1957, the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker was successfully launched in the Soviet Union.
In 1958, the first nuclear submarine of the Soviet Union began to serve.
During the Soviet period, due to the division of labor of the socialist camp at that time, the development of the Soviet shipbuilding industry was mainly based on military ships, while the large civilian ships were built in shipyards in Poland, Romania, and Democratic Germany.
Due to the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia’s shipbuilding industry was greatly affected, and large shipyards capable of building ships of more than 100,000 tons, such as the Nikolaev Shipyard in Ukraine, the Odessa Shipyard, and the Black Sea Shipyard, all after the collapse of the Soviet Union All of the territories remained in Ukraine. As a result, the technical limitations of the Russian shipyard's production capacity, due to the limited production capacity of the ship (less than 100,000 tons), currently all Russian shipyards can only build ships with a displacement of less than 100,000 tons. This has also caused limitations in the further development of the Russian shipbuilding industry.
2. The Russian shipbuilding industry has a good foundation
The products representing the production capacity and advanced level of the Russian shipbuilding industry are mainly: the construction of various types of warships (surface ships and nuclear-powered submarines), as well as the construction of various types of ocean-going vessels and river transport vessels, fishing vessels, marine engineering vessels and scientific investigations. Ships and other types of ships.
There are about 170 professional enterprises in the Russian shipbuilding industry system, including 65 shipbuilding and maintenance companies, 45 marine supporting machinery and electronic equipment manufacturers, 56 marine instrumentation manufacturers, and 6 other professional enterprises.
Russian shipbuilding companies and research institutes are located throughout Russia, especially in the northwestern region of Russia, the central region, the Volga River, the southern region, and the Siberia and Far East regions.
The most famous large-scale enterprises in the Russian shipbuilding industry include: North Machinery Shipyard, Baltic Shipyard, Admiral Shipyard and Northern Shipyard. At present, the total number of employees is stable at around 200,000; now, there are only 9 enterprises in Russia and Russia in the shipbuilding and ship repair industry; among the 36 companies, the state has 20% to 25% of the shares; There are no shares in the remaining five companies that have been privatized.
The Russian shipbuilding industry system has 56 scientific research and experimental design work for civil vessels, warships and marine instruments. The most famous of these is the Krylov Ship Science Institute in St. Petersburg.
In recent years, the Russian ship design institute has continued to introduce new types of marine products, especially the active development of military-to-civilian products. The most prominent of these is that the power plant on the Russian nuclear submarine has been designed as a “floating nuclear power plant, which can generate electricity. At the same time, it can also supply heat, referred to as floating nuclear power plants.
On April 16, 2007, Russia began construction of the world's first floating nuclear power plant at the North Machinery Shipyard in North Devinsk.
The floating nuclear power plant has a length of 144 meters, a width of 30 meters, a displacement of 21,500 tons, a designed power generation capacity of 70 megawatts, and the ability to produce 300 megawatts of heat. There are two reactors with a service life of 40 years and can operate for 12 years without adding fuel.
Russia's first floating nuclear power plant is scheduled to go into production and operation in 2010, with a cost of about $300 million. In recent years, Russia has been proved by many parties that Russia plans to build six floating nuclear power plants in batches and install them in the coastal areas of northern Russia and the Far East. Upon completion of the first floating nuclear power plant, a North Machinery Shipyard will be installed in North Devinsk, Russia.
The floating nuclear power plant that Russia has begun to build is characterized by its flexibility and can be towed to any part of the world's coastal areas. It is more economical than the construction of a ground nuclear power plant. It is especially suitable for remote areas that lack fresh water and power shortages to solve heating and power supply and to solve through desalination plants. The problem of water supply.
3. A unique show in the Russian military shipbuilding industry
The design and construction capabilities of various warships and submarines in Russia's shipbuilding industry are among the world's advanced levels. They are unique in design, advanced in technology, reliable in performance, and highly competitive internationally. They can build all kinds of warships with a displacement of less than 100,000 tons.
At present, the dominant military submarine manufacturing in Russia is its new generation of nuclear submarines, including nuclear-powered submarines and non-nuclear-powered submarines. On April 15, 2007, Russia’s new generation of strategic missile nuclear submarine “Yuri Dolgoruji†unveiled the mystery and launched it at the North Machinery Shipyard. This is the first strategic missile nuclear submarine launched by the Russian Navy in 17 years. . At the same time, the plant began construction of the first series of ships - "Alexander Nevsky" and the third multi-purpose nuclear submarine "Vladimir Monomah". Two diesel-electric submarines are being built at the Admiral’s shipyard in St. Petersburg. They all belong to the fourth generation of submarines, which are characterized by a significant increase in dive depth and navigation speed, reduced noise, and improved energy devices, shipborne weapons and electronic equipment.
Russia’s achievements in the navy are universally acknowledged. Russia currently exports naval armaments to 32 countries around the world. Since 1998, only one region of St. Petersburg has built more than 20 warships for foreign navies, including destroyers made in China, destroyers and diesel-electric submarines made in India, light escorts and frigates made for Arab countries, and Greece. Manufactured air cushion landing ship. The above-mentioned ships have high technical and tactical indicators and have reached the world's advanced standards. Their reliable performance and convenient service ensure that the Russian navy equipment is still competitive in the world military ship market.
The Russian warship manufacturing industry still maintains a very high level of technology. It has a number of unique designs and special craftsmanship in warship manufacturing. In addition to the United States, Russia is the only country in the world that can produce all types of warships.
4. Russian civilian ship manufacturing industry is getting worse
Russian civilian shipbuilding, due to restrictions on ship production capacity (less than 100,000 tons), coupled with the outdated equipment of most shipyards, aging production processes, and increased inflation and production costs, Russia’s civilian shipbuilding The industry is largely out of date.
For example, in the entire year of the Russian civilian shipbuilding industry in 2004, only 32 orders were completed: 5 ships were built for Russian shipowners, including 3 small fishing boats and 1 passenger ship. The modification of several dry cargo ships and the overhaul of three tankers were also completed.
Most of the orders in the Russian civilian shipbuilding industry are export vessels. In 2004, 12 ships were built for foreign shipowners, including 3 oil tankers, 1 chemical tanker, 3 dry cargo ships, and 2 rivers and seas. Tanker, 2 refueling barges and 1 tugboat.
In the past 10 to 15 years, orders for Russian national military ships have been reduced to one-twentieth of the original, and orders for civilian ships have been reduced to more than one-fifth of the original, resulting in a reduction of one-third of the number of employees in the Russian shipbuilding industry. Equipment usage is reduced to 20%-25%. The main reason for this situation is the sharp decline in the number of orders from Russia.
At present, the production of Russian shipbuilding industry is mainly supported by export ship orders. This is mainly due to the adoption of internationally accepted loans and taxation policies for the construction of export warships and ships, the customs export tax rate, and the overall tax burden of export vessels not exceeding 15%.
If the Russian shipyard builds a ship for the owner of the ship, the loan and tax policy will increase the ship price by 20% to 25%, and the overall tax burden of building the domestic ship order will reach more than 30% of the entire ship price. The implementation of this economic policy has caused the Russian shipowners to make unprofitable shipbuilding in their own shipyards, thus causing orders from Russian shipowners to flow to other countries in the world such as Japan and South Korea.
5. Russian shipowners’ shipbuilding orders have flowed to countries such as Japan and South Korea.
According to international conventions and the requirements of modern shipping markets for modern shipping, shipbuilding companies are required to produce ships that meet international shipbuilding regulations and environmental requirements.
Due to the limitations of the shipyard's own technical process conditions and the domestic tax loan financing policy, the current Russian shipbuilding enterprises can not meet the needs of the Russian shipowners company, resulting in a large number of new shipbuilding orders from Russian shipowners' companies to the production and loan financing conditions. Excellent countries such as Japan and South Korea.
At present, there are mainly four large ocean shipping group companies in Russia, one is the modern merchant shipping company based in Moscow, the other is the Novorossiysk shipping company on the Black Sea coast, the third is the Far East Shipping Group of Vladivostok, and the fourth is Nakhodka. Coastal shipping company.
Since the restructuring of the shareholding system in the early 1990s, the two companies, Novorossiysk Shipping and Binhai Shipping, have built a total of 49 large tankers, and none of them were built at Russian shipyards, all in Japan and South Korea. Other countries built new ships. The modern merchant shipping company has only a few ships built in Russian shipyards, and the remaining more than 20 large tanker newbuilding orders are arranged in shipyards such as Japan and South Korea.
The Russian Far East Shipping Group Company began construction of six container carriers capable of carrying 1080 standard containers at the Jinling Shipyard in Jiangsu, China. Four of them have been delivered and the fifth has been launched.
Second, the development prospects of the Russian shipbuilding industry
In recent years, with the impact of economic globalization on the development of the world's shipbuilding industry, the Russian shipbuilding industry is also mulling a trend of reform, restructuring and intensification.
1. Russian shipbuilding enterprise reorganization to build the National Shipbuilding Industry Group
On June 15, 2007, the Russian government formally approved the establishment of the United Shipbuilding Industry Group, which is wholly owned by the state. President Putin’s military policy adviser, Alexandra Brukin, became the president of the company. Russia intends to use the reorganization of the group as an opportunity to revitalize the former glory of the Russian shipbuilding industry, to meet the growing demand of new domestic shipbuilding by Russian domestic enterprises, and strive to enter the international ship market as soon as possible, and strive to make Russia one of the world's shipbuilding powers. .
At the same time, it plans to set up three regional centers under the United Shipbuilding Industry Group:
Western Shipbuilding Center (St. Petersburg), consisting of shipbuilding companies such as the Baltic Shipyard, Admiral Shipyard and Northern Shipyard, Neva Design Bureau, Ruby Design Bureau and Krylov Ship Science Research Institute;
The Northern Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Center (Northern Devensk City) consists of North China Machinery Shipyard and Little Star Shipyard, Ruby North Design Bureau and other shipping companies;
The Far East Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Center (Vladivostok) consists of the Far East Shipyard, the Amur Gongqingcheng Shipyard and the Haba Shipyard, and the Coastal Science Institute.
2. Develop long-term development strategies and plans
At present, the Russian government has formulated a long-term development strategy for the Russian shipbuilding industry, striving to vigorously develop the civilian shipbuilding industry and improve its international competitiveness.
The main task of the Russian shipbuilding industry today is to meet the needs of various types of ships in the Russian domestic market to the greatest extent, and strive to increase the future share of Russia in the international shipping market.
According to the statistics of the Russian Commission and the Russian Maritime Commission, only the Russian marine transport fleet needs to build 375 ships of various types, with a total value of about 640 billion rubles (about 25.6 billion US dollars) (based on 1 US dollar for 25 rubles).
According to the statistics of the Russian Ministry of Transport, 326 vessels of various types of inland rivers will be built by 2010, mainly for river and sea dual-use vessels, with a total tonnage of more than 1 million tons. The Russian National Fisheries Agency estimates that the entire Russian fishing fleet needs more than 550 large and medium-sized fishing vessels and 500 small fishing vessels, with a total value of about 75 billion rubles (about 3 billion US dollars) (based on 1 US dollar to 25 rubles).
It is reported that the development of offshore oil is the most important area of ​​the Russian domestic civilian ship market in the coming decades. The development of oil and gas on the Russian continental shelf requires the construction of a large number of ships and marine infrastructure. It is estimated that about 100 billion tons of cargo will be transported. The first phase of development will require about 15 billion. Dollar. The development of the Arctic requires a large number of transport vessels, auxiliary vessels and engineering vessels suitable for the severe climatic conditions of the Arctic.
To this end, the main development direction of the Russian shipbuilding industry in the future is:
1) Give priority to the development of ships with high technology content, various types of ships, icebreakers, surface combat warships, submarines, marine navigation equipment, automation devices, and various types of marine scientific research equipment and instruments that can be used in ice areas.
2) Marine engineering vessels and drilling platforms developed and constructed
Ensuring the need for engineering vessels, oil tankers, and offshore drilling platforms for the development of continental shelf oil.
3) Accelerate the upgrading of the fishing fleet and accelerate the construction of the Russian fishing fleet, especially the construction of offshore fishing fleets and small fishing vessels, so as to more effectively develop and utilize marine living resources.
4) Actively develop inland shipbuilding
Russia's inland waters are rich in resources, and the development of inland watercraft manufacturing has a broad space for development.
3. Begin to increase the Russian government's support for shipping companies
a) The Russian government adopts administrative measures for large-scale enterprises in the shipbuilding industry to take state acquisitions, or to replace shares with related companies to form a joint shipbuilding industry group company;
b) Actively carry out proportional investment between the state and enterprises, encourage shipowners to build new ships by way of lease, delay payment by shipowners, and share the risks and benefits of the state and enterprises.
3. Cooperation potential between China and Russia in the field of ships
1. China and Russia have broad prospects for cooperation in the field of ships
China and Russia have a long history of cooperation in the shipbuilding industry, and their potential is enormous.
1) China's shipbuilding industry is developing rapidly and its shipbuilding technology is leading
The medium and long-term development planning goal of our shipbuilding industry is: By 2010, the market share of bulk carriers and oil tankers built in China will be increased to the world's first and the world's second, respectively. The container ship market share is close to that of South Korea, LNG (liquefied gas) ships. The market share has reached more than 20%, becoming an important producer of high-tech ships.
China's shipbuilding capacity has been continuously improved, and the experience of construction technology of civilian ships has been leading; it has provided a solid foundation for cooperation between China and Russia in the field of ships.
2) Russian shipbuilding industry is based on a good ship construction technology
Russia has many core technologies in ship design and construction. The level of production technology and construction technology still maintains a high level in many aspects. There are many places worthy of learning and reference from the shipbuilding industry, and cooperation between China and Russia in the field of ships. And technical exchanges provide a good premise and foundation.
2. The Russian ship market has great potential
In order to realize China's goal of building the world's first shipbuilding power, seize the opportunity to open up the Russian ship market, and enter the Russian market with the high-tech modern ship tankers, container ships and liquefied gas ships built by Chinese shipyards, we still need the ship industry insiders. Do a lot of hard work.
The Russian economy has continued to grow for eight consecutive years. Russian merchant fleets, fishing fleets and offshore oil and gas development currently require a large number of ships of all types, such as container ships, fishing boats, large oil tankers, liquefied gas carriers, and oil rigs. These ships, either Russian shipyards can not be built by their own shipyard conditions, or can not be built in a short time, so the export of China's ships to Russia, this will be a rare historical opportunity.
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