In the current global automotive industry facing the great challenges of the financial crisis and energy and environmental issues, the development of electric vehicles, the realization of the electrification of automotive energy and power systems, and the strategic transformation of the traditional automotive industry has formed a broad consensus in the international community. At present, China has introduced many policies to support and guide the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry. The government intends to accelerate the competitiveness of the domestic electric vehicle industry, shorten the maturity period, and realize “overtaking of the curve†for the foreign automobile industry. The development of electric vehicles is entering a critical period, with both opportunities and challenges.
First, the definition and characteristics of electric vehicles New energy vehicles include hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles (BEV, including solar cars), fuel cell electric vehicles, hydrogen engine cars, other new energy sources (such as high-performance energy storage, dimethyl ether) Various types of products such as automobiles. Electric vehicles are powered by onboard power supplies and run on motor-driven wheels. Therefore, hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles are all classified as electric vehicles.
The reason why electric vehicles became the darling of technological development in the 21st century is that electric vehicles are directly driven by electric motors, and they do not emit harmful gases that pollute the atmosphere. Even if they are converted into power plant emissions according to the power consumption, sulfur and particulates are excluded. Other pollutants are also significantly reduced. Most of the power plants are built far away from densely populated cities, causing less harm to humans, and the sites of power plants are fixed, so it is easier to discharge and remove harmful emissions. Since electricity can be obtained from a variety of primary energy sources, such as coal, nuclear power, water power, wind power, light, heat, etc., it can well relieve people's concerns about the daily depletion of oil resources. Secondly, electric vehicles can make full use of the surplus electric power at the time of electricity consumption at night to make full use of power generation equipment and greatly increase economic efficiency. Relevant research shows that the same crude oil is smelted and sent to power plants for power generation, battery charging, and battery-powered vehicles. Its energy efficiency is higher than that of refined gasoline, and then it is higher by gasoline engine driven cars, which is beneficial to energy conservation and reduction. Displacement of carbon dioxide.
Second, the main technology of electric vehicle 1: Motor and control system Pure electric vehicle instead of fuel oil motor, driven by the motor without automatic transmission. Compared to automatic transmissions, the motor has a simple structure, mature technology, and reliable operation.
Conventional internal combustion engines can limit the rotational speed at which torque is efficiently generated within a narrow range, which is why a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle needs a large and complicated transmission mechanism; and the electric motor can efficiently generate torque over a relatively wide speed range. In the pure electric vehicle running process does not need to shift gear, convenient and easy to operate, low noise.
Compared with hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles use a single electric energy source. The electronic control system greatly reduces the internal mechanical transmission system of the vehicle. The structure is simplified, and the energy loss and noise caused by friction of the mechanical components are also reduced, and the internal space of the automobile is saved. weight.
The motor drive control system is the main executive structure of new energy vehicles. The drive motor and its control system are one of the core components (batteries, motors, and electric control) of new energy vehicles. The drive characteristics determine the main performance of the car. Indicators, it is an important part of electric vehicles. The FCV, hybrid HEV, and pure electric vehicle EVs in electric vehicles all use electric motors to drive the wheels. Selecting the right electric motor is an important factor in improving the cost-effectiveness of various types of electric vehicles. Therefore, research and development can be improved. At the same time, it satisfies all performance requirements in the process of driving the vehicle, and it is extremely important that the motor drive method is robust, durable, low in cost and high in performance.
The driving motor of electric vehicles currently has brush, brushless, permanent magnet, electromagnetic division, alternating current stepping motor, etc. Their selection is also related to the configuration, use, and grade of the vehicle. In addition, the speed control of the drive motor is also divided into step speed control and stepless speed control. There are electronic speed control controller and no speed control controller. Motors have hub motors, inner rotor motors, single motor drives, multiple motor drives, and combination motor drives.
2: Power of pure electric vehicle Battery power battery is the key technology of electric vehicle, which decides its continuous line mileage and cost.
1) Power batteries required for pure electric vehicles The functional and economic indicators of the power batteries used in electric vehicles include: (1) safety; (2) specific energy; (3) specific power; (4) life; (5) Cycle prices; (6) Energy conversion efficiency. These factors directly determine the availability and economy of electric vehicles.
2) Supercapacitors The advantages of supercapacitors are their high mass-to-power ratio and long cycle life. Weaknesses are low mass-to-energy and expensive purchases. However, the cycle life is as long as 500,000 to 1 million cycles, so the single cycle price is not high. Lead-acid batteries and energy-type lithium-ion batteries can be connected in parallel to form an excellent power supply system.
3) Lead-acid battery Lead-acid battery production technology is mature, safety is good, the price is low, waste battery is easy to recycle and regenerate. In recent years, with new technologies, the shortcomings such as low specific energy, short cycle life, acid mist during charging, and possible lead pollution in the environment have been continuously overcome, and various indicators have been greatly improved. It is used as a power source for electric bicycles and electric motorcycles, and it can also play a very good role in electric vehicles.
4) Lithium-ion battery with lithium iron phosphate as cathode, and lithium-ion battery with lithium iron phosphate as cathode have good comprehensive performance: high safety, no expensive raw materials, no harmful elements, and long cycle life of 2000 times. And has overcome the shortcomings of low conductivity. The energy-mass battery has a mass specific energy of up to 120Wh/kg, and can be used in parallel with a supercapacitor to form a fully-featured power supply. Power type mass specific energy is also 70~80Wh/kg, and it can be used alone without parallel capacitor.
5) Lithium titanate with lithium titanate as negative electrode Lithium titanate has extremely small volume change in charge-discharge, which ensures the stability of the motor mechanism and the long life of the battery; Lithium titanate electrode has higher spots (as opposed to Li/Li electrode) For 1.5V), it is not necessary to generate lithium crystals when the battery is charged, which ensures the high safety of the battery. However, due to the high potential of the lithium titanate electrode, the voltage of the battery is only about 2.2 V even if it is paired with a lithium manganate cathode having a higher electrode potential, so the specific energy of the battery is only about 50 to 60 Wh/kg. Even so, the outstanding safety and long life advantages of this battery are unmatched by other batteries.
Third, the status quo of domestic and international development of electric vehicles At present, the development of electric vehicles, to achieve the electrification of automotive energy and power systems, and promote the strategic transformation of the traditional automotive industry, has formed a trend in the international community. According to the product launch plans issued by major auto companies, it is expected that the ups and downs of international electric vehicle industrial development will come before and after 2012. Once electric vehicles have achieved market breakthroughs, they will have a huge and far-reaching impact on the international auto industry landscape. Therefore, complying with the development trend of the international automobile industry, grasping the strategic opportunity for the transformation of the transportation energy power system, adhering to independent innovation, mobilizing all forces, accelerating the development of the electric vehicle industry, seizing the commanding heights of the future automobile industry, and realizing the development of the automobile industry in China. Stronger and autonomous development is crucial and urgent.
First, governments of various countries have issued electric vehicle development strategies and national plans one after another, indicating further directions for industrial development.
The Obama administration of the United States implements the Green New Deal, making electric vehicles an important part of its national strategy. It plans to use 1 million plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) by 2015. Japan regards the development of electric vehicles as the core content of the “low-carbon revolutionâ€, and plans to reach the 13.5 million “next-generation cars†including electric vehicles by 2020. To accomplish this goal, Japan plans to develop 2020. At least 17 pure electric cars and 38 hybrid cars. In November 2008, the German government proposed to popularize 1 million pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles in the next 10 years, and announced the implementation of the plan, marking that Germany will enter the era of electric vehicles. The implementation of the national strategy has a very important guiding role in the development of the industry and will certainly further accelerate the development of the international electric vehicle industry.
Second, power batteries are highly valued, R&D investment has increased sharply, and the expectation of breakthrough in the technical bottleneck of electric vehicles has been greatly enhanced.
President Obama announced in August 2009 that US$2.4 billion was allocated to support the development and industrialization of PHEVs, of which US$2 billion was used to support the development and industrialization of advanced power batteries. The Japanese government proposed that "who controls the battery, whoever controls the electric vehicle" and organizes the implementation of a national special plan, and will invest more than 40 billion yen in advanced power battery technology research before 2011. The new lithium battery will be around 2010. Scale for the next generation of electric cars. From this year, Germany has started a 420 million euro lithium battery development plan for cars. Almost all German cars and energy giants have joined.
Third, governments in various countries have intensified their policy support to advance the industrialization of electric vehicles.
On the one hand, the government has increased its policy incentives for consumers and accelerated the market for electric vehicles. The United States implements tax incentives for PHEVs and the tax credits are between $2,500 and $15,000. Japan implemented a new "green taxation system" starting April 1, 2009. It provides tax incentives for vehicles with low emissions and low fuel consumption, such as pure electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles. The scale of one-year tax reduction is about 2100. 100 million yen is 10 times the tax reduction of the current preferential scheme. The United Kingdom has implemented a new car consumption tax from April 1, 2009, exempting pure electric vehicles from consumption tax. France awards consumers up to 5,000 euros for purchases of low-emission (CO2) cars and up to 2,600 euros for high-emission cars. On the other hand, the government encourages vehicle manufacturers to accelerate the industrialization of electric vehicles by increasing credit support and other measures. The U.S. government provides loan assistance for the production of electric vehicles. On June 23, 2009, Ford, Nissan North America and Tesla Motors obtained a loan of 8 billion U.S. dollars, mainly for the production of hybrid and pure electric vehicles. The European Union issued a loan of 7 billion euros in the first half of 2009 to support automakers in the development of electric vehicles. In addition, the new US fuel economy regulations and the EU’s new average carbon dioxide emissions regulations have significantly increased the technical requirements for automobiles, if not With automotive technology, automakers will find it difficult to meet the requirements of the new regulations.
Fourth, pure electric vehicles benefit from the development and application of high-performance lithium-ion batteries. They are re-emphasized by the governments of various countries and major auto companies, and the pace of industrialization is accelerating.
Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. announced that it will sell pure electric vehicles in the United States and Japan in 2010. It plans to achieve a large-scale IPO from 2012 to 2013, and its production model “Leaf†has been officially released. Companies such as Mitsubishi, Renault, Toyota, and BMW have also developed small, pure electric cars and plan to go public in volume around 2012. The governments of the United States, Japan, France, Germany, and Israel have all established plans for the promotion of pure electric vehicles, and the electric vehicle charging system construction projects have also started.
With the increasing environmental pollution and oil crisis caused by automobiles, research on electric vehicles began to receive attention since the 1990s. After nearly 20 years of research, a breakthrough has been achieved in the key technologies, system integration, and experimental applications of electric vehicles. At present, major countries in the world are rushing to carry out industrialization work.
Foreign Electric Vehicle R&D Achievements In 1993, the U.S. government organized companies and scientific research institutions to establish the “Next Generation Automobile Cooperation Program†(PNGV) and jointly conducted research on electric vehicles. The developed countries such as France, Germany, and Japan have adopted government guidance, enterprises, and research institutes. The way to strengthen electric vehicle development research.
Since 1997, Toyota Motor Corporation has introduced two generations of "Prius" hybrid sedans. By the end of 2004, Toyota Motor Corporation had sold 250,000 hybrid cars, accounting for 90% of the world's total number of hybrid vehicles.
In 2000, Honda’s “Insight†hybrid sedans were put on the market. In 2002, Civic hybrid cars were launched in the US market.
Since 1999, Honda Motor Co. has successively launched FCX V1, V2, V3, V4, and fuel cell vehicles to conduct certification tests for reliability, collision safety, and road tests.
Since 2001, General Motors has launched three fuel cell cars: "Autonomy", "Hy Wire" and "Sequel". Among them, the "Sequel" fuel cell car integrates fuel cells, wire transfer control systems, wheel hub motors and all aluminum. Advanced technologies such as alloy body are a practical fuel cell vehicle.
During the “Tenth Five-Year Plan†of domestic electric vehicle R&D achievements, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China invested 880 million yuan to fully launch the 863 electric vehicle major science and technology project, and formulated the “three vertical and three horizontal†overall R&D layout: hybrid electric vehicle and pure electric vehicle The fuel cell car is a “three-vertical†vehicle. It uses a multi-energy powertrain control, a drive motor, and a power battery as the “three-horizontal†to build a comprehensive technology platform for electric vehicles.
After years of exploration and efforts, China has made breakthroughs in the three key technologies of new energy vehicle batteries, motors, and electronic control, and began to industrialize.
Tsinghua University and Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. have developed pure electric cars and pure electric passenger cars have passed the type certification test of the National Quality Inspection Center.
Dongfeng Motor (600006) Co., Ltd. and Wuhan University of Technology, etc., funded the establishment of Dongfeng Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. to develop hybrid vehicle R&D. The EQ6100HEV hybrid bus developed by the company began demonstration operation in Wuhan on November 8, 2003, and has been running cumulatively. More than 140,000 kilometers, carrying 150,000 passengers.
In 2004, FAW Group and Toyota Motor Corporation signed an agreement to introduce their "Prius" hybrid car technology and build a "green" car production base.
Established a national technical standard platform for electric vehicle R&D, a test and inspection platform, a policy and regulatory platform, and a demonstration application platform. So far, 13 new standards for electric vehicle products have been drafted, 5 standards have been revised, and 6 key component product test specifications have been determined. Six public testing centers and test platforms for testing electric vehicle power batteries, drive motors, and fuel cell engines have been established in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Dalian respectively.
After years of technology research and development, functional prototype testing, and demonstration applications, China's electric vehicles have already achieved initial industrialization conditions.
IV. Future Development Prospects of China's Electric Vehicles China is intensely discussing the “12th Five-Year Plan†(draft) for the development of electric vehicle science and technology. The overall goal of the plan is to fully grasp the core technologies of electric vehicles, cultivate independent research and development capabilities, and tap the market and resources. Advantages have formed a relatively competitive electric vehicle and key component industrial system. Planning and construction of electric vehicle charging stations, hydrogen refueling stations and other infrastructure to meet the demand for the development of electric vehicles, perfecting the standard system for electric vehicles, establishing an environment conducive to the development of electric vehicles, and realizing China’s development from a “car giant†to a “car powerhouse†change.
The next five years will be a crucial period for the transition from the R&D stage to the industrialization stage of the electric vehicle, and it will also be the key five years for China to make the electric vehicle industry bigger and stronger. According to the overall thinking of the plan, the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period will focus on seven areas of work. First, adhere to the "three vertical and three horizontal" R & D layout (ie, three models of fuel cell vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles as "three vertical", multi-energy powertrain control systems, drive motors and their control The three common technologies for systems, power storage batteries and their management systems are the “three horizontal†and “industrial R&D†models. Second, increase the technological innovation of charging infrastructure and speed up infrastructure construction. Third, speed up the study of technical standards and improve the standard system. Fourth, deepen the demonstration and promotion and explore the business promotion model. Fifth, support for the formation of industrial technology innovation alliances and assume scientific and technological planning tasks. Sixth, improve the public platform and strengthen personnel training. Seventh, deepen international technology exchanges and cooperation and promote the international development of electric vehicles.
First, the definition and characteristics of electric vehicles New energy vehicles include hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles (BEV, including solar cars), fuel cell electric vehicles, hydrogen engine cars, other new energy sources (such as high-performance energy storage, dimethyl ether) Various types of products such as automobiles. Electric vehicles are powered by onboard power supplies and run on motor-driven wheels. Therefore, hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles are all classified as electric vehicles.
The reason why electric vehicles became the darling of technological development in the 21st century is that electric vehicles are directly driven by electric motors, and they do not emit harmful gases that pollute the atmosphere. Even if they are converted into power plant emissions according to the power consumption, sulfur and particulates are excluded. Other pollutants are also significantly reduced. Most of the power plants are built far away from densely populated cities, causing less harm to humans, and the sites of power plants are fixed, so it is easier to discharge and remove harmful emissions. Since electricity can be obtained from a variety of primary energy sources, such as coal, nuclear power, water power, wind power, light, heat, etc., it can well relieve people's concerns about the daily depletion of oil resources. Secondly, electric vehicles can make full use of the surplus electric power at the time of electricity consumption at night to make full use of power generation equipment and greatly increase economic efficiency. Relevant research shows that the same crude oil is smelted and sent to power plants for power generation, battery charging, and battery-powered vehicles. Its energy efficiency is higher than that of refined gasoline, and then it is higher by gasoline engine driven cars, which is beneficial to energy conservation and reduction. Displacement of carbon dioxide.
Second, the main technology of electric vehicle 1: Motor and control system Pure electric vehicle instead of fuel oil motor, driven by the motor without automatic transmission. Compared to automatic transmissions, the motor has a simple structure, mature technology, and reliable operation.
Conventional internal combustion engines can limit the rotational speed at which torque is efficiently generated within a narrow range, which is why a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle needs a large and complicated transmission mechanism; and the electric motor can efficiently generate torque over a relatively wide speed range. In the pure electric vehicle running process does not need to shift gear, convenient and easy to operate, low noise.
Compared with hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles use a single electric energy source. The electronic control system greatly reduces the internal mechanical transmission system of the vehicle. The structure is simplified, and the energy loss and noise caused by friction of the mechanical components are also reduced, and the internal space of the automobile is saved. weight.
The motor drive control system is the main executive structure of new energy vehicles. The drive motor and its control system are one of the core components (batteries, motors, and electric control) of new energy vehicles. The drive characteristics determine the main performance of the car. Indicators, it is an important part of electric vehicles. The FCV, hybrid HEV, and pure electric vehicle EVs in electric vehicles all use electric motors to drive the wheels. Selecting the right electric motor is an important factor in improving the cost-effectiveness of various types of electric vehicles. Therefore, research and development can be improved. At the same time, it satisfies all performance requirements in the process of driving the vehicle, and it is extremely important that the motor drive method is robust, durable, low in cost and high in performance.
The driving motor of electric vehicles currently has brush, brushless, permanent magnet, electromagnetic division, alternating current stepping motor, etc. Their selection is also related to the configuration, use, and grade of the vehicle. In addition, the speed control of the drive motor is also divided into step speed control and stepless speed control. There are electronic speed control controller and no speed control controller. Motors have hub motors, inner rotor motors, single motor drives, multiple motor drives, and combination motor drives.
2: Power of pure electric vehicle Battery power battery is the key technology of electric vehicle, which decides its continuous line mileage and cost.
1) Power batteries required for pure electric vehicles The functional and economic indicators of the power batteries used in electric vehicles include: (1) safety; (2) specific energy; (3) specific power; (4) life; (5) Cycle prices; (6) Energy conversion efficiency. These factors directly determine the availability and economy of electric vehicles.
2) Supercapacitors The advantages of supercapacitors are their high mass-to-power ratio and long cycle life. Weaknesses are low mass-to-energy and expensive purchases. However, the cycle life is as long as 500,000 to 1 million cycles, so the single cycle price is not high. Lead-acid batteries and energy-type lithium-ion batteries can be connected in parallel to form an excellent power supply system.
3) Lead-acid battery Lead-acid battery production technology is mature, safety is good, the price is low, waste battery is easy to recycle and regenerate. In recent years, with new technologies, the shortcomings such as low specific energy, short cycle life, acid mist during charging, and possible lead pollution in the environment have been continuously overcome, and various indicators have been greatly improved. It is used as a power source for electric bicycles and electric motorcycles, and it can also play a very good role in electric vehicles.
4) Lithium-ion battery with lithium iron phosphate as cathode, and lithium-ion battery with lithium iron phosphate as cathode have good comprehensive performance: high safety, no expensive raw materials, no harmful elements, and long cycle life of 2000 times. And has overcome the shortcomings of low conductivity. The energy-mass battery has a mass specific energy of up to 120Wh/kg, and can be used in parallel with a supercapacitor to form a fully-featured power supply. Power type mass specific energy is also 70~80Wh/kg, and it can be used alone without parallel capacitor.
5) Lithium titanate with lithium titanate as negative electrode Lithium titanate has extremely small volume change in charge-discharge, which ensures the stability of the motor mechanism and the long life of the battery; Lithium titanate electrode has higher spots (as opposed to Li/Li electrode) For 1.5V), it is not necessary to generate lithium crystals when the battery is charged, which ensures the high safety of the battery. However, due to the high potential of the lithium titanate electrode, the voltage of the battery is only about 2.2 V even if it is paired with a lithium manganate cathode having a higher electrode potential, so the specific energy of the battery is only about 50 to 60 Wh/kg. Even so, the outstanding safety and long life advantages of this battery are unmatched by other batteries.
Third, the status quo of domestic and international development of electric vehicles At present, the development of electric vehicles, to achieve the electrification of automotive energy and power systems, and promote the strategic transformation of the traditional automotive industry, has formed a trend in the international community. According to the product launch plans issued by major auto companies, it is expected that the ups and downs of international electric vehicle industrial development will come before and after 2012. Once electric vehicles have achieved market breakthroughs, they will have a huge and far-reaching impact on the international auto industry landscape. Therefore, complying with the development trend of the international automobile industry, grasping the strategic opportunity for the transformation of the transportation energy power system, adhering to independent innovation, mobilizing all forces, accelerating the development of the electric vehicle industry, seizing the commanding heights of the future automobile industry, and realizing the development of the automobile industry in China. Stronger and autonomous development is crucial and urgent.
First, governments of various countries have issued electric vehicle development strategies and national plans one after another, indicating further directions for industrial development.
The Obama administration of the United States implements the Green New Deal, making electric vehicles an important part of its national strategy. It plans to use 1 million plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) by 2015. Japan regards the development of electric vehicles as the core content of the “low-carbon revolutionâ€, and plans to reach the 13.5 million “next-generation cars†including electric vehicles by 2020. To accomplish this goal, Japan plans to develop 2020. At least 17 pure electric cars and 38 hybrid cars. In November 2008, the German government proposed to popularize 1 million pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles in the next 10 years, and announced the implementation of the plan, marking that Germany will enter the era of electric vehicles. The implementation of the national strategy has a very important guiding role in the development of the industry and will certainly further accelerate the development of the international electric vehicle industry.
Second, power batteries are highly valued, R&D investment has increased sharply, and the expectation of breakthrough in the technical bottleneck of electric vehicles has been greatly enhanced.
President Obama announced in August 2009 that US$2.4 billion was allocated to support the development and industrialization of PHEVs, of which US$2 billion was used to support the development and industrialization of advanced power batteries. The Japanese government proposed that "who controls the battery, whoever controls the electric vehicle" and organizes the implementation of a national special plan, and will invest more than 40 billion yen in advanced power battery technology research before 2011. The new lithium battery will be around 2010. Scale for the next generation of electric cars. From this year, Germany has started a 420 million euro lithium battery development plan for cars. Almost all German cars and energy giants have joined.
Third, governments in various countries have intensified their policy support to advance the industrialization of electric vehicles.
On the one hand, the government has increased its policy incentives for consumers and accelerated the market for electric vehicles. The United States implements tax incentives for PHEVs and the tax credits are between $2,500 and $15,000. Japan implemented a new "green taxation system" starting April 1, 2009. It provides tax incentives for vehicles with low emissions and low fuel consumption, such as pure electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles. The scale of one-year tax reduction is about 2100. 100 million yen is 10 times the tax reduction of the current preferential scheme. The United Kingdom has implemented a new car consumption tax from April 1, 2009, exempting pure electric vehicles from consumption tax. France awards consumers up to 5,000 euros for purchases of low-emission (CO2) cars and up to 2,600 euros for high-emission cars. On the other hand, the government encourages vehicle manufacturers to accelerate the industrialization of electric vehicles by increasing credit support and other measures. The U.S. government provides loan assistance for the production of electric vehicles. On June 23, 2009, Ford, Nissan North America and Tesla Motors obtained a loan of 8 billion U.S. dollars, mainly for the production of hybrid and pure electric vehicles. The European Union issued a loan of 7 billion euros in the first half of 2009 to support automakers in the development of electric vehicles. In addition, the new US fuel economy regulations and the EU’s new average carbon dioxide emissions regulations have significantly increased the technical requirements for automobiles, if not With automotive technology, automakers will find it difficult to meet the requirements of the new regulations.
Fourth, pure electric vehicles benefit from the development and application of high-performance lithium-ion batteries. They are re-emphasized by the governments of various countries and major auto companies, and the pace of industrialization is accelerating.
Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. announced that it will sell pure electric vehicles in the United States and Japan in 2010. It plans to achieve a large-scale IPO from 2012 to 2013, and its production model “Leaf†has been officially released. Companies such as Mitsubishi, Renault, Toyota, and BMW have also developed small, pure electric cars and plan to go public in volume around 2012. The governments of the United States, Japan, France, Germany, and Israel have all established plans for the promotion of pure electric vehicles, and the electric vehicle charging system construction projects have also started.
With the increasing environmental pollution and oil crisis caused by automobiles, research on electric vehicles began to receive attention since the 1990s. After nearly 20 years of research, a breakthrough has been achieved in the key technologies, system integration, and experimental applications of electric vehicles. At present, major countries in the world are rushing to carry out industrialization work.
Foreign Electric Vehicle R&D Achievements In 1993, the U.S. government organized companies and scientific research institutions to establish the “Next Generation Automobile Cooperation Program†(PNGV) and jointly conducted research on electric vehicles. The developed countries such as France, Germany, and Japan have adopted government guidance, enterprises, and research institutes. The way to strengthen electric vehicle development research.
Since 1997, Toyota Motor Corporation has introduced two generations of "Prius" hybrid sedans. By the end of 2004, Toyota Motor Corporation had sold 250,000 hybrid cars, accounting for 90% of the world's total number of hybrid vehicles.
In 2000, Honda’s “Insight†hybrid sedans were put on the market. In 2002, Civic hybrid cars were launched in the US market.
Since 1999, Honda Motor Co. has successively launched FCX V1, V2, V3, V4, and fuel cell vehicles to conduct certification tests for reliability, collision safety, and road tests.
Since 2001, General Motors has launched three fuel cell cars: "Autonomy", "Hy Wire" and "Sequel". Among them, the "Sequel" fuel cell car integrates fuel cells, wire transfer control systems, wheel hub motors and all aluminum. Advanced technologies such as alloy body are a practical fuel cell vehicle.
During the “Tenth Five-Year Plan†of domestic electric vehicle R&D achievements, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China invested 880 million yuan to fully launch the 863 electric vehicle major science and technology project, and formulated the “three vertical and three horizontal†overall R&D layout: hybrid electric vehicle and pure electric vehicle The fuel cell car is a “three-vertical†vehicle. It uses a multi-energy powertrain control, a drive motor, and a power battery as the “three-horizontal†to build a comprehensive technology platform for electric vehicles.
After years of exploration and efforts, China has made breakthroughs in the three key technologies of new energy vehicle batteries, motors, and electronic control, and began to industrialize.
Tsinghua University and Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. have developed pure electric cars and pure electric passenger cars have passed the type certification test of the National Quality Inspection Center.
Dongfeng Motor (600006) Co., Ltd. and Wuhan University of Technology, etc., funded the establishment of Dongfeng Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. to develop hybrid vehicle R&D. The EQ6100HEV hybrid bus developed by the company began demonstration operation in Wuhan on November 8, 2003, and has been running cumulatively. More than 140,000 kilometers, carrying 150,000 passengers.
In 2004, FAW Group and Toyota Motor Corporation signed an agreement to introduce their "Prius" hybrid car technology and build a "green" car production base.
Established a national technical standard platform for electric vehicle R&D, a test and inspection platform, a policy and regulatory platform, and a demonstration application platform. So far, 13 new standards for electric vehicle products have been drafted, 5 standards have been revised, and 6 key component product test specifications have been determined. Six public testing centers and test platforms for testing electric vehicle power batteries, drive motors, and fuel cell engines have been established in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Dalian respectively.
After years of technology research and development, functional prototype testing, and demonstration applications, China's electric vehicles have already achieved initial industrialization conditions.
IV. Future Development Prospects of China's Electric Vehicles China is intensely discussing the “12th Five-Year Plan†(draft) for the development of electric vehicle science and technology. The overall goal of the plan is to fully grasp the core technologies of electric vehicles, cultivate independent research and development capabilities, and tap the market and resources. Advantages have formed a relatively competitive electric vehicle and key component industrial system. Planning and construction of electric vehicle charging stations, hydrogen refueling stations and other infrastructure to meet the demand for the development of electric vehicles, perfecting the standard system for electric vehicles, establishing an environment conducive to the development of electric vehicles, and realizing China’s development from a “car giant†to a “car powerhouse†change.
The next five years will be a crucial period for the transition from the R&D stage to the industrialization stage of the electric vehicle, and it will also be the key five years for China to make the electric vehicle industry bigger and stronger. According to the overall thinking of the plan, the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period will focus on seven areas of work. First, adhere to the "three vertical and three horizontal" R & D layout (ie, three models of fuel cell vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles as "three vertical", multi-energy powertrain control systems, drive motors and their control The three common technologies for systems, power storage batteries and their management systems are the “three horizontal†and “industrial R&D†models. Second, increase the technological innovation of charging infrastructure and speed up infrastructure construction. Third, speed up the study of technical standards and improve the standard system. Fourth, deepen the demonstration and promotion and explore the business promotion model. Fifth, support for the formation of industrial technology innovation alliances and assume scientific and technological planning tasks. Sixth, improve the public platform and strengthen personnel training. Seventh, deepen international technology exchanges and cooperation and promote the international development of electric vehicles.
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