Phosphate rock is one of the non-renewable natural mineral resources and plays an extremely important role in the global food production and phosphorus chemical industry. According to the US Geological Survey, the world's phosphate rock reserves in 2014 were 67 billion tons, with an annual output of 200 million tons. The reserve-production ratio exceeded 330 years, and the reserve-production ratio was relatively abundant. More than 95% of the world's phosphate resources are concentrated in Morocco and Western Sahara, Iraq, China, South Africa, the United States and other regions and are mainly controlled by a few companies. Among them, Morocco and Western Sahara ranked first in the world with a reserve of 50 billion tons, accounting for 80%, and China ranked second with 3.7 billion tons of basic reserves.
At present, there are more than 40 countries producing phosphorus in the world. In 2014, the output was about 220 million tons. The main producing countries are China, the United States, Morocco, Russia and Tunisia. Phosphate production in the top 15 countries (and regions) of phosphate rock production accounts for more than 95% of global production. As a large phosphorus producing country, China's phosphate rock production reached 120 million tons in 2014, accounting for 45% of global production; Morocco ranked second, phosphate rock production was about 30 million tons; the United States ranked third, and phosphate rock production was 28 million tons. (See Table 1-1).
Table 1-1 World Phosphorus Production and Reserves in 2014 
2 Overview of China's Phosphate Resources
Judging from the total amount of proven phosphorus resources, China's phosphate rock reserves are relatively abundant, surpassing the United States, second only to the world's largest phosphorus resource country, Morocco, ranking second in the world. At the end of 2014, the proven reserves of phosphate rock in China were 19.68 billion tons, and the reserves were about 3.7 billion tons. There were 540 phosphate mines, with the exception of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing and Tibet. Among them, Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Hunan provinces have identified resource reserves of about 16.32 billion tons, accounting for 81.37% of the country's identified resource reserves. Yunnan accounted for 23%, Guizhou 16%, Hubei 15%, Hunan 12%, Sichuan 8%, Hebei 4%, Shaanxi 4%, Shandong 4%, Qinghai 3%, Shanxi 3%; North and East regions available The resources are very small, and the phosphate-rich resources are mostly distributed in the western regions with relatively backward economy (mainly in Yunnan, Guizhou and Hubei).
China's phosphate rock resources are characterized by low-grade ore-rich ore-rich mines. The average grade of phosphate rock in the country is around 17%. The ore-rich grade with ore grade of more than 30% only accounts for 8.1% of the total reserves, about 1.1 billion tons, and 86% of the rich ore. Distributed in the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan; P2O5 grade is 98.04 billion tons in 20% to 30%; 2.285 billion tons in less than 12%.
3 Status of resource extraction and utilization of phosphate rock enterprises in China
In recent years, with the leap-forward development of China's phosphate fertilizer industry, China's phosphate mining has also experienced rapid development, and is mainly concentrated in mining high-quality rich ore. In 1991, the total output of phosphate rock in China was 21.4 million tons. By 2008, the output of phosphate rock reached 50 million tons. In 2014, it reached 120 million tons. China has become the world's largest producer of phosphate ore. See the production of phosphate rock in China in recent years. Table 1-2, consumption is shown in Figure 1-1.
Table 1-2 World and China Phosphate Production in 2009~2014
Figure 1-1 China's Phosphate Ore Production and Apparent Consumption from 2000 to 2013
In the past 10 years, China's phosphate rock production has basically maintained an increasing trend of 10% per year. However, from the statistical data and actual phosphate demand, the actual development and utilization of China's phosphate resources is growing much faster. Based on the production of phosphate fertilizer in China and the consumption of phosphate rock by other industries, the annual output of phosphate rock corresponding to apparent consumption in recent years should be above 50 million tons, and close to the output of phosphate rock. With the development of the world economy, the general trend of China's phosphate rock production is to continue to grow rapidly in stages. The reason is because of the rapid development of China's industry and agriculture and the increase in foreign exchange earnings from exports. However, the current rapid development of phosphorus consumption has greatly increased the demand for phosphorus, and the problem of phosphorus resources has become increasingly prominent and sharp. Some regions in China have gradually realized that limited phosphorus resources cannot guarantee long-term mass utilization, and have begun to gradually reduce the production of phosphate rock and increase imports. Assuming that the future consumption of phosphate rock is equal to the annual average production in recent years, combined with the data of the US Geological Survey (USGS) in recent years, it is not difficult to predict that China's phosphorus reserves can still be used for 46 years, but this An estimate does not take into account the factors of population growth.
4 Overview of China's phosphate fertilizer industry
After more than 20 years of phased expansion and upgrading, China's phosphate fertilizer industry has realized the transformation from a large phosphate importing country to a large phosphate manufacturing country. China's phosphate fertilizer production and consumption have ranked first in the world. Phosphate fertilizer consumption has basically shed its dependence on imports; product structure has been greatly improved, and the concentration of phosphate fertilizer industry has been continuously improved; the technical equipment of large and medium-sized phosphate fertilizer plants has reached the world's advanced level; The economic benefits have improved. The phosphate fertilizer industry in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Henan and Shandong is developed, and it is the main producing area of ​​China's phosphate fertilizer. By the end of 2012, the production capacity of China's already established phosphate fertilizer plant was 21.3 million t/a. In 2014, China's phosphate fertilizer output was 16.7 million tons (P2O5), a year-on-year increase of 2.6%. At present, China's phosphate fertilizer is in a state of overcapacity, and a considerable part of phosphate fertilizer products are digested by exports.
5 Import and export situation
China's phosphate ore supply and demand is basically self-sufficient, and there are a small number of exports. In recent years, China's phosphate ore consumption is close to production. However, in the face of increasing global phosphorus resources, in order to protect domestic phosphorus resources, China has increased the export tariffs on phosphate rock and its products since 2008 and introduced restrictions on phosphate rock exports. Policy. The governments of the provinces and municipalities that mainly produce phosphorus have also formulated corresponding management measures for the protection of phosphorus resources. For example, Yunnan Province has introduced phosphate rock resource integration measures to shut down or integrate a small number of smaller phosphate mines. These measures have certain effects on protecting China's phosphate rock resources. Global phosphate rock exports are mainly dependent on Africa and the Middle East. The export situation of phosphate rock in China in the past 10 years is shown in Table 1-3.
Table 1-3 China's phosphate ore exports in the past 10 years
6 Price Status and Forecast
1. Current market price in China
Domestic phosphate rock prices have continued to rise since the second half of 2010. At the beginning of 2012, Yunnan Phosphate Group took the lead to increase 60 yuan/t, and 28% of the price of the board in the province was raised from 290 yuan/t to 350 yuan/t. The price of the outer car was raised from 370 yuan/t to 430 yuan/t. After other phosphate mine enterprises resumed mining, they successively followed the offer. However, in the following two years, the price was relatively stable, with only a slight increase. The domestic market conditions in August 2014 are shown in Table 1-4 (according to the information of China Chemical Information Network).
Table 1-4 Domestic phosphate rock market price in August 2014
2. Status of international market prices
In August 2014, international phosphate rock prices remained stable.
FOB price: Jordan (31.12%~32.04%) 100~105 USD/t, North Africa (31.58%) 95~130 USD/t.
CIF price: India (31.12%-32.04%) 128~130 USD/t, India (32.04%~32.95%) 130 USD/t.
7 Outlook
In 2015, the supply of phosphate ore in Africa, East Asia and West Asia increased. It is expected that the global supply of phosphate rock will increase by 2.6% to 230 million tons. The expansion of production capacity will mainly come from China, Jordan and Morocco. In 2014, these three countries will contribute 85% of the 6 million t supply increase.
In terms of phosphoric acid, the production capacity of phosphoric acid in Morocco, China and Jordan has continued to increase in recent years. In 2014, the global phosphoric acid production capacity was estimated at 55.6 million tP2O5, which is expected to reach 57.6 million tP2O5 in 2015.
In 2014 and 2015, the global processing phosphate production capacity will reach 43.1 million tons and 44.6 million tP2O5, respectively. The new production capacity is mainly from Morocco and China. Moroccan export-oriented production capacity has expanded significantly. About eight new phosphate plants were put into operation from 2014 to 2015, and half of the world's new phosphate production capacity came from China.
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