Novice security must see easy to master "engineer's language"

The construction drawings are the basis for the construction of the house and are the “language of the project”. It clearly stipulates what type of building is to be constructed and specifies the shape, dimensions, practices and technical requirements. In addition to making more contact with the drawings of this type of work, sometimes we need to look at the drawings in conjunction with the entire project drawings so that we can cooperate with each other without errors. To do this, you must learn how to figure out how to get a multiplier effect. The following are some basic mapping methods.

Step by step

After getting a drawing, look at what the map looks like. After looking at what the map should be, there should be times and times. The general sequence is as follows:

1 First, read the design instructions carefully to understand the outline, location, elevation, material requirements, quality standards, construction precautions, and some special technical requirements of the building, and form a preliminary impression on the ideology;

2 Next, look at the floor plan to understand the flat shape of the house, the bay, the depth, the size of the column net, the arrangement of various rooms and the traffic arrangement, and the position of the doors and windows, to form a flat concept for the building, and to see the elevation and the sectional view. Good foundation

3 Look at the elevation map to understand the orientation of the building, the changes in the number of floors and floor heights, as well as the requirements for doors and windows, exterior decoration, etc.;

4 Look at the profile to get a general understanding of elevation changes and indoor conditions at various parts of the profile section;

5 Finally, look at the structure diagram to understand the relationship between building plans and structural drawings, such as floor plans, elevations, and sections, so as to deepen the understanding of the entire project;

6 In addition, according to the index symbols in the plan, elevation, profile, etc., it is necessary to read in detail the large sample plots or node plots referred to, so that the combination of thickness and size, size and circle.

Only step by step can understand the design intent and read the design drawings. In other words, it should generally be “see the description first and then look at the diagram; the order is preferably flat, vertical, and section; check the nodes and samples; the architectural structure is read and compared”. In order to get twice the result with half the effort.

To remember the size

Although there are various types of construction projects, all kinds of shapes and effects appear through the changes in the sizes of various parts. As the saying goes: “There is no rule, no circle”. If there are no specific dimensions such as length, width, height, diameter, etc. on the map, the construction personnel cannot follow the plan.

However, there are many dimensions on the drawings. As a specific and operating personnel, it is not necessary and it is impossible to remember all the dimensions on the drawings. However, for some major dimensions of a building, the specifications, model, location, quantity, etc. of major components must be kept in mind. This can deepen the understanding of the design drawings, help construction operations, reduce or avoid construction errors.

In general, as to keep in mind the following dimensions: the depth of entry should be kept in mind, the length and width dimensions should not be forgotten; the vertical and horizontal axis of the mind, the total height of the floor is very important; the structure size should be remembered, the component type is not wrong; the basic size is The key is that the structural strength should not be low; the beams and columns should be kept firmly and the doors and windows must be kept well .

Find out the relationship

When you look at the map, you must understand the relationship between each sheet. Because a drawing cannot describe in detail the specific dimensions, practices and requirements of each part of a project. Must use a lot of drawings, from different aspects of a certain part of the practice and requirements, these different parts of the practice and requirements, is a complete picture of the entire building. Therefore, there is a close connection between each drawing of a construction drawing.

When you look at the map, you must use the axis number and position in the plan as a benchmark, so that “there are drawings in hand, axes in the heart, thousands of heads and thousands of threads, not offline everywhere”. This is the basic foundation and standard.

The main relationship between drawings is generally: the axis is the benchmark, and the numbers must be kissed; the elevations must be lapped and the height should be equal; the section should look at the position, and the detailed drawings must be indexed; if the standard drawing is used, the lead line should be marked; And practice, quickly take instructions; civil works and installations, to clear holes, trenches, troughs; materials and standards, check the relevant map; architecture and structure, before and after control.

Therefore, clarifying the relationship between drawings is an important part of looking at the map. It is a basic measure for finding problems, reducing or avoiding mistakes.

Grab the key

When looking at the construction drawings, as the key to grasping each piece of drawings, only grasping the key can catch the key and make fewer mistakes. Should generally seize the following aspects.

1 Keys in the plan: Some common mistakes in construction have certain commonalities. For example, "the door is open and the outside is open, the axis is in the middle and center, and the direction is the northeast and southwest, and the wall thickness is a brick and a brick." The door has an opening direction in the floor plan, but the window does not have the opening direction and must be enlarged to determine the sample. The axis is centered on the wall or in the middle. Which level is middle, which level is middle, must be clear, it will not cause an axis error; so as not to mistake all axes as a midline.

The direction of the house must be clearly understood. The north arrow on the map indicates the compass, and the direction on the general plan and the general direction of the compass has no direction. In the general plan of a building, it should conform to the laws of North and South, East and West and East and West. The thickness of the wall in each axis and in each part should also be carefully checked. If the wall is a brick, which wall is half a brick, it must not be mistaken.

2 In the elevation map, the elevation of the door and window openings must be known so that no errors occur when the number of bars and the window sill are set.

3 In the section drawings, the elevation of the floor and elevation of the roof should be mastered. Some still have to master the indoor openings, interior door elevations, ground floor practices, roof insulation, and waterproof practices through profile views.

4 In the structural drawing, the design requirements, specific dimensions, positions, connection relationships, and materials used in the foundation, walls, beams, columns, plates, and roof systems should be mastered.

Understand the characteristics

Industrial buildings must meet various different production process requirements and have different characteristics in design and construction. Such as acid treatment workshop, on the wall, the ground and other acid-resistant requirements, we must take a different approach; precision instrument workshop, doors and windows, walls have different dust, temperature, humidity and humidity requirements.

Civil buildings have different characteristics due to their different functions. For theaters, due to special requirements for acoustics, there are different methods and technical requirements for the roof and walls. Therefore, when you are familiar with each piece of woodworking construction drawings, you must understand the characteristics and requirements of the project, including the following aspects:

1 Foundation foundation treatment plan and required technical standards;

2 processing requirements for special parts;

3 quality standards for materials or technical requirements for special materials;

4 parts that need attention or are prone to problems;

5 special construction techniques such as new processes, new structures, and new materials;

6 Some technical indicators and special requirements proposed in the design;

7 The key parts of the structure;

Only by understanding the characteristics of an engineering project can we better understand the design drawings and ensure the special needs of the project.

Chart control

A complete construction drawing, in addition to a variety of drawings, also includes a variety of forms, which specifically summarizes the practice, size, specifications, and model of each sub-project, and is an integral part of the construction drawings. The following tables are common in construction drawings.

1 Indoor and outdoor practice tables Mainly explain the specific practices of indoor and outdoor parts, such as what to do with the outer legs, how the ground of a room is done, and so on.

The 2 doors and windows show the door, window model, height and width (or hole size) required for a building, and the number of doors and windows required for various models.

The 3 component list lists the specifications, sizes, models, and required quantities of various types of components according to the numbers, names of beams, columns, and plates required for the project.

4 Reinforcement Table In various types of reinforced concrete beams, columns, plates, foundations and other structures, the types, diameters, specifications, sizes, shapes, numbers, and weights of the rebars required.

When looking at the construction drawings, it is best to first check the various data that you understand when you look at the map and check the data in the related tables. If they are identical, there is no error in the drawings and understanding. If the model is found to be incorrect, the specifications do not match, When the quantities are not equal, they should be carefully checked again to further deepen their understanding and raise the awareness of design drawings. At the same time, errors in the plans and tables can be found in a timely manner.

Meticulous

Look at drawings must be careful, careful and meticulous. For each data and size in the construction drawings, each legend, symbol, and description of each text cannot be ignored. For those parts of the drawings that are unclear or lack of size, construction must not be carried out based on their own imagination, estimation, or guesswork. Otherwise, they will be inferior to others and lose their balance.

In addition, a relatively complicated design drawing is often completed by a number of professional designers. Due to various reasons, some contradictions may occur in size. Such as the total size does not match the size of the details; the size of the sample, the size of the sample is different; the position and structure of the wall and the beam on the building drawing are misplaced; the total elevation or the elevation of the floor does not match the label in the detail or structure. It may also be due to the designer's negligence, some missing, missing parts. Therefore, the construction personnel must be meticulous in looking at the map in order to find such problems, and then work with the designers to resolve and avoid mistakes.

Three combinations

When learning the civil construction drawings, we must pay attention to the combination of learning other professional drawings in order to fully and correctly understand the entire project.

Especially for large-scale projects, there are general layout drawings, earth balance diagrams, installation drawings for water, heating, electricity, and sanitation equipment, equipment foundation construction drawings, indoor and outdoor pipes, pipe trenches, and cable diagrams. The drawings of these various professions form a complete overall project. These professional drawings must echo each other and complement each other.

Therefore, we must pay attention to three combinations when looking at civil construction plans.

1 The combination of architecture and structure means that when you look at a building plan, you have to look at it against the structure diagram.

2Integration of indoor and outdoor When looking at the construction drawing of a unit, it is necessary to look at the general plan accordingly to understand the specific location, direction, environment and absolute elevation of the project in the construction area; at the same time, it is necessary to understand the layout of various pipelines and the The impact of the project on the construction, understand how the site's flood control drainage problems should be handled, etc.

3 Combining civil works with installation When looking at civil engineering drawings, you must combine the installation drawings of this project. Be sure to: reserve holes, reserve trenches, find out the location and size, and stay in the construction; embedded parts, pre- Buried pipe, check the number of specifications, do not forget to put it in time. It is required that when looking at civil engineering plans, we must pay attention to whether the imports, positions, sizes, elevations, and installation drawings of various pipes and trenches are in a circle; how much equipment should be reserved for holes, where they are to remain, and where irons should be embedded. Or buried pipe.

Mastering skills

Looking at the drawings and doing other operations, in addition to proficiency, there are also skill problems. The skills of looking at the images vary from person to person and are different. Now I will introduce some points.

1 When you look at the map, you should write down the main part of the practice and size, write down the problems that need to be resolved, and look at each one by one, one by one, to solve difficult problems one by one to deepen the impression.

2 First coarse and fine details First look at all the drawings, roughly forming an overall concept, and then look at them 2 to 3 times. When you look closely, it is mainly to understand the detailed approach, and to solve some of the questions raised by the rough one by one, so as to deepen understanding and deepen the memory.

3 Repeatedly check and find out the laws Once you have read the drawings in general, you will put together the relevant drawings and check them repeatedly to find out the internal laws and connections so as to consolidate the understanding of the drawings.

4 Marking on the map to enhance memory In order to facilitate the drawing and deepen the memory, the drawings, dimensions, descriptions, models, etc. on some drawings can be marked on the common drawings, for example, on the floor plan. This will deepen the memory and help identify problems.

Form the overall concept

Through the above several steps of learning, a whole concept can be formed for the proposed project. The characteristics, shape, size, arrangement and requirements of the building are already very clear. With this holistic concept, there is ample confidence in the construction process that can reduce or avoid mistakes.

Therefore, when studying drawings, we must not only look at the leaflets without looking at the whole and we are busy with starting work. Only by forming a holistic concept for buildings can we deepen our memory and understanding of the project.