Fertile soil and adequate and balanced nutrient conditions are fundamental guarantees for the development of high-quality, high-efficiency agriculture, the enhancement of comprehensive grain production capacity, and the realization of sustainable agricultural development goals. Hubei is not only a big agricultural province, but also an important grain production area of ​​the country. It has an important position in the national food security system. According to the province's advantages in regional distribution of agricultural products and comprehensive grain production capacity, the province's main grain producing counties and cities include a total of 47 in Lichuan. Among them, Luyang District, Jianli County, Zaoyang City, Zengdu District, Zhongxiang City, Shayang County, Gongsi County, Xiantao City, Jingshan County, Songzi City, Lichuan City, Tianmen City, Honghu City, Yicheng City, Yingcheng City , Dangyang City, Macheng City, Huangpi District, Nanxun County, Qinshui County, Jingzhou District and other 21 counties and cities were included in the National Priority Grain Project Phase I, and the implementation of the standard grain field construction was implemented in 6 counties and cities. Practice has proved that the implementation of this project has a greater effect on remediation of farmland, a significant role in improving soil fertility, and broad prospects for expanding applications.
1 Effect of Standard Grain Field Construction
The six counties and cities in Puyang, Zhongxiang, Jianli, Yicheng, Zaoyang, and Honghu have been implemented in two batches (2004-2006 and 2006-2008) to implement the standard grain field construction project with an area of ​​0.227 million hm2 per county and city. The construction content includes farmland infrastructure construction, land construction, laboratory construction, and fertilizer station construction. From the first batch of cities and counties that have completed the project, the main results are:
1.1 Significant improvements have been made in the Fuyang, Jianli and Zhongxiang counties and cities where arable land drainage and irrigation and road network facilities have been basically completed. A total of 175.44 km of ditches have been reconstructed, 547 culverts have been reconstructed at Doumen Gate, and 66 floodgates have been built. Bridge 85. According to the 300-500 m traffic grid, 68.25 km of tractor roads, 40. 7 km of field roads, 246 hm2 of land were built, 10 new electric pump stations were rebuilt, and 203,400 trees were planted for protection trees. The conditions for implementing the grain field in the region have been greatly improved, and the ability to prevent drought has reached the standard of once in a decade.
1. 2 Increase the level of soil testing and formula fertilization. Each county and city has completed the addition of equipment for laboratories and fertilization stations through the addition of items. (The instruments required for soil testing and formulating fertilization include soil testing instruments or soil nutrient analyzers to determine soil nutrients. Then, based on the amount of nutrients, give a reasonable fertilization plan.) Carry out the soil testing and formula fertilization technical service integrated with “testing, formula, fertilizer, fertilizer supply, and fertilization guidance†to make farmers' awareness of scientific fertilization. Obviously enhanced, the level has been improved and a number of science and technology model households and farming experts have been trained. The three counties and cities have added 86 sets of laboratory instruments (sets), tested 716 soil samples, held more than 120 technical training classes, and trained more than 30,000 farmers. Each one has an annual production capacity of 10,000 tons of fertilizer station. The actual total production and supply of BB fertilizer was about 10,000 tons and the area of ​​application was 172,000 hm2. Fertilizer utilization increased by 3 to 5 percentage points. Zhongxiang and Xiangyang respectively stimulated the application of fertilization for soil testing in the county with an area of ​​266,000 hm2 or more.
1. 3 Effectively increased the fertility of the grain field by leveling the land, deep-cultivating the loose soil, pushing the straw to the field, increasing organic fertilizer, improving soil water and fertilizer management, and fertilizing the soil. Three counties implemented about 0.053 million hectares of straw to return land, about 0.44 million hectares of straw to return land, and 0.112 million hectares of straw to return land, and applied 0.47 million hectares of farmyard manure to grow green manure. 0. 100 thousand hm2, 266.67 hm2 of paddy field ridge in low lake muddy field. For a tillage layer less than 15 cm (paddy field) or 20 cm (wheat plot), one-time deep sowing of agricultural machinery is performed once for a total area of ​​0.37 million hm2. According to the results of field sampling and soil sampling, the content of soil organic matter after implementation was increased by 0.12 to 0.46 percentage points, alkali hydrolysis nitrogen was increased by 10 to 18 mg/kg, and available phosphorus was increased by 0.2 to 1.8 mg/kg. The available potassium increased by 0.8 to 8.1 mg/kg.
1. 4 Significant increase in yield per unit of grain and production efficiency The planting patterns in the project areas of the three counties are: oil (wheat) - rice (Zhongxiang), oil - rice - rice (Jianli), wheat - rice (Fuyang). According to the construction requirements, a total of 0.106 million hectares of rice sown area, 0.333 million hectares of wheat, and 0.333 million hectares of rapeseed were implemented. Rice yields 6 750 to 9 900 kg/hm2, an increase of 7.1% to 14.3% over the previous three years; wheat yields of 4470 to 5595 kg/hm2, an increase of 6.5% over the previous three years' average yield. 99. 2%; oil menu production 1 560 ~ 2 235 kg / hm2, an increase of 11.1% ~ 17. 6% over the previous three years the average yield. A total of 8.4 million kg of rice, 980,000 kg of wheat, and 750,000 kg of rapeseed were added to the plant in one year, which increased the total output value by 15.04 million yuan. At the same time, it reduced the input of fertilizer by 520 tons, which was worth 520,000 yuan. In total, the farmers increased their income by 15.6 million yuan, the cultivated land increased by 1,950 yuan/hm2, and the per capita income of farmers increased by 180 yuan. The increase in value for the current year is about the amount of central investment (if the ten-year benefit is calculated after grain is standardized and constructed), the ratio of production to production is more than 1:10.
2 Status of farmland utilization in major grain-producing areas
The total grain output of the 47 major grain-producing counties and cities accounts for about 80% of the province's total, of which 21 key bases account for more than 60% of the total grain output of 47 counties and cities. Although the area of ​​low-yield soil is smaller than that of the whole province, the governance system has begun to take shape, but the quality of cultivated land has declined overall, and production capacity is not strong.
2.1 The cultivated land use imbalance and soil fertility decline The test results of 300 soil long-term location monitoring points in the province showed that, in addition to the results of the second soil census in 2004 and (1982), in addition to the increase in soil available phosphorus indicators, the rest The nutrient content generally declined. The average content of soil organic matter decreased from 2.44% to 1.92%. The soil organic matter content in the dry land was mostly between 1.0 % and 1.5 %, and a considerable part of the dryland soil organic matter was below 1.0 %. The soil organic matter in paddy soil is only about 2%, which is far below 3%-50% of soil organic matter content in the United States, Russia and other countries; the average soil total nitrogen content is decreased from 0.152% to 0.134%; the soil available potassium is 136mg. The decrease of kg/kg to 82 mg/kg not only caused a large decrease, but also increased the area of ​​potassium deficiency. The lack of range increased from 19% to 75%, from a small part of potassium deficiency to most of potassium deficiency; About 90%. At the same time, due to the imbalance of nutrients, soil physical properties deteriorated, water retention and fertilizer retention, and water supply and fertilizer supply capacity weakened, and the trend of soil acidification and consolidation of cultivated soils continued to increase.
2. 2 Aging of farmland infrastructure, basic construction Weakened farmland infrastructure in the main grain-producing areas was mostly built in the 1960s and 1970s. Due to economic and technological conditions at the time, the construction standards were low, the supporting facilities were simple, and the operation time was long. The project is aging seriously. Although in recent years the irrigation area renovation project, drainage project reconstruction, and ecological environment construction have gradually been stepped up from the national to the local level, some backbone water conservancy facilities have improved, but the remediation of field projects still lags behind. serious. Irrigation canal water utilization coefficient and irrigation water utilization coefficient were only about 0. 45 ~ 0. 55 and 0. 45. More than 50% of irrigation and drainage facilities in the main grain-producing areas are sickly running, and their ability to withstand droughts and floods is very weak. At the same time, the farmland forest network and tractor farms are not matched.
2.3 Poor soil fertility service conditions The soil and fertilizer laboratories in all counties and cities in the province were built during the second soil survey in the early 1980s. Due to the impact of the market economy, the soil and fertilizer industry was once in the doldrums, and the soil fertigation laboratory had In the long-term closed or semi-closed state, equipment and equipment are in disrepair, newer slowly, and severely aged. To make the soil and fertilizer laboratory run normally again, the original equipment must basically be eliminated. The counties and cities in the main grain-producing areas generally lack the necessary experiments and testing equipment and instruments, and it is difficult to meet the research and monitoring needs of soil, fertilizer, and lyrical conditions.
2. 4 The area of ​​arable land continued to decrease. The lack of reserve resources for cultivated land According to statistics, the area of ​​commonly used arable land in 21 key grain counties decreased from 1.47 million hm2 in 1999 to 1.4 million hm2 in 2004, with an annual average reduction of 130000 hm2. The average area reduction was 0.95%. Hubei Province is located in the hinterland of the Central Plains and there is a shortage of reserve resources for cultivated land. The entire province can be reclaimed only for the amount of cultivated land occupied by the whole province for two years. In order to alleviate the dual pressures of developing the production of crops such as food and reducing the area of ​​cultivated land year by year, it is necessary to strengthen the quality of cultivated land and increase the output rate.
3 Strategic Analysis of Expanding the Construction of Standard Grain Areas in Major Grain-producing Areas The national high-quality grain industry project is a major project approved and implemented by the State Council. Its standardized grain field construction project is an important measure to improve the quality of arable land and output benefits, and the first phase of construction has taken shape. Effectiveness. In order to give full play to the demonstration role of the project, it is recommended to speed up the pace of implementation, expand the scope of construction, and include other 15 counties and cities in the national plan as soon as possible, while giving due consideration to the other 26 major grain-producing counties and cities, and strive for the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period. All major grain-producing counties and cities can carry out standard grain field construction demonstrations, and radiation will gradually promote grain standardization in the main grain-producing areas. Its strategic significance is significant and necessary conditions are sufficient.
3.1 is the need to improve the capacity of food production to resist natural disasters
The droughts and floods in Hubei's major grain-producing areas still occur frequently, which poses a serious threat to grain production and food security in the province, seriously restricting the full production and steadily improving the comprehensive grain production capacity. It is necessary to focus on the construction of standard grain fields so that the ability to resist droughts and floods will be raised once every three years and once every five years to a standard of more than 10 years, in order to drive the main producing areas to comprehensively improve the resilience of food production. .
3.2 is the need to improve the agricultural ecological environment and achieve sustainable development of agriculture
Although there is abundant rainfall in Hubei Province, due to backward irrigation methods, the effective utilization rate of agricultural water is only 40%, and the irrigation water production is about 1 kg/m3, which is equivalent to only 50% of the world's advanced level. The development of standard grain fields and the comprehensive treatment of fields, water, channels, and roads can effectively improve the microclimate of the grain fields and the small environment of the soil, increase the water storage capacity of the grain fields, reduce soil erosion and land desertification, and make full use of the soil. "Reservoir" has the functions of water storage, water transfer and water supply, and promotes the effective combination of the effective use of natural precipitation and the use of irrigation water to reduce the over-exploitation and dependence of water resources; by increasing the output rate of grain fields, the food production occupation can be appropriately reduced. The amount of arable land is conducive to the return of farmland to forests, grasses, and lakes on sloping land and low-lying fields to protect the agricultural ecological environment and promote the sustainable development of agriculture.
3. 3 is the need to optimize the distribution of agricultural areas and increase the income of farmers.
The adjustment of agricultural industrial structure in the developed coastal areas and the return of farmland to forest in the western regions provide a market space for the main grain-producing areas. Hubei Province should seize the opportunity to give full play to the advantages of the main grain-producing provinces, vigorously develop the grain market, and increase farmers’ output. Increase income. To this end, it is necessary to improve agricultural production conditions and agricultural technical service conditions through the use of comprehensive treatment measures, provide farmers with comprehensive public infrastructure and advanced and practical production technologies, cultivate fertile soil, increase grain yield and quality, and reduce food production costs. To promote the improvement of the comparative benefits of grain and the steady growth of grain and agricultural income.
3. 4 is the need to increase comprehensive food production capacity and maintain national food security
The climate characteristics of Hubei Province, including the transition from north to south, are rich in natural resources such as light, heat, temperature, water, and gas. The regional advantages of grain production are obvious, and the soil should be ploughed. This can be summarized as “the transition from north to south, the Four Seasons, and the Seven Hills One. Two fields of paddy field, five hills and lakes in Pinghu, Jinlang silver wave diffuse Jianghan." The superior natural conditions and broad production prospects make food, especially rice and wheat, occupy an important position in the country. At the same time, the yield per unit of production is large, and the total output increases potential. Through the construction of standard grain fields, the comprehensive grain production capacity can be improved. To make greater contributions to safeguarding national food security.
4 Measures to Expand the Construction of Standard Grain Fields
The main grain-producing areas in Hubei Province cover Jianghan Plain, Gangbei in Hubei Province, Middle Hubei Province, Eastern Hubei Province, and East Hubei Province along the Yangtze River. The construction of standard grain fields should be based on the fact that geographical dispersal, natural conditions, and economic foundations should be different. Focusing on resolving outstanding problems in grain fields, droughts in the hilly areas in the northern Hubei Province and the eastern Hubei and Hubei Provinces, the Jianghan Plain, and the plains in the east of the Hubei Province; on the other hand, it is necessary to generally solve field supporting facilities and fertility in the fields. And soil and fertilizer technology services and other common problems.
4. 1 Perfecting Field Irrigation Facilities
Through the construction, maintenance, and transformation of small field irrigation and drainage stations, it will restore and improve the capacity of irrigation and drainage in the project, and improve irrigation and drainage standards in low-lying areas and arid areas. Weaving lining, dredging, diluting and seepage prevention for the bucket agricultural fur channel, and appropriately constructing new drainage channels for the field to ensure the smooth flow of irrigation and drainage systems.
4.2 Implementation of field projects and implementation of ditch road forest support
In accordance with the standards of “Tian Chengfang, Lincheng.com, Lutongtongtong, Canal Linkage, Functional Advancement, Fertile Soil, and Smooth Water Flow,†the construction of field projects will be improved. Based on forest roads or larger ditches, a grid field of 3.3 to 6.7 hectares was formed. Plant protection forests on both sides of the main roads and ditches of grain fields to prevent wind and sand and improve the microclimate in the fields. Appropriate amount of construction machinery into the field operation channel to facilitate agricultural operations. In accordance with the principle of injustice at Xiaoping University, hilly lands and lands should be properly leveled and treated for some uneven and irregular arable land to realize idyllicization.
4. 3 Improve soil and fertility
Measures such as embedding underground seepage pipes, digging rat tracks, setting up ditch or paddy fields, improving the cold-sludge-soiled paddy fields, adopting measures such as returning crop straws and applying organic fertilizers, increasing soil organic matter content, and reconstructing poor soil properties, The average content of soil organic matter in paddy fields and dry land was not less than 2.5 % and 2.0 %, respectively, or the content of soil organic matter was increased by 0.1 percentage points or more; the thick soil layer was adopted to transform barren soil so that the thickness of mature soil layer of cultivated land Above 50 cm; adopting deep-cultivation loose soil and transforming the compacted land so that the tillage layer in paddy fields and dry lands can reach 15 cm or more and 20 cm or more respectively; adopting ridge and furrow cultivation techniques to reform ploughs; and adopting soil testing and formula fertilization to improve the shortage of fields; Take water-saving agricultural technology and improve the drylands.
4. 4 Improve Soil Fertilizer Water Monitoring and Fertilizer System
The county’s main grain-producing area is to add and update soil and fertilizer monitoring equipment and improve the soil fertility laboratory, strengthen the construction of soil fertility and public opinion monitoring bases in the county and the construction of soil and fertilizer technology demonstration bases for soil improvement and reasonable Provide basis and demonstration model for fertilization; expand and expand soil testing and fertilizer station; implement integrated services of “measurement, distribution, production, supply, and application†to provide means for scientific manure and strengthen service functions; carry out investigation and quality evaluation of cultivated land in counties Accurately grasp the production capacity and fertility status of different types of soil in the grain field, find out the quality of cultivated land, and provide technical support and decision-making basis for soil improvement, soil planting, soil fertilization, protection and land fertility improvement.