Overview of the basic principles of flotation

Floating ore dressing, also known as flotation, is the most widely used and best-selected method for fine-grained and very fine-grained materials. Due to the fine particle size, the particle size and density are extremely small, the re-election method is difficult to separate; and for some minerals with little difference in magnetic or electrical properties, it is difficult to separate by magnetic separation or electrification, but according to their surface properties, That is, according to their different effects on water, bubbles, and chemicals in water, by using the chemical and mechanical adjustment, the useful minerals and useless gangue minerals can be efficiently separated by flotation.

Flotation has been developed after re-election, but as ore resources become more and more poor, useful minerals are distributed more and more finely in the ore, plus materials and chemical industries for fine-grained, ultra-fine material sorting requirements and higher and higher precision, more and flotation characteristics displayed superior to other methods, beneficiation methods become the most widely used and most promising (currently sorting in coal is still less than the weight selected). Not only flotation for sorting metal minerals and non-metallic minerals, but also for many recycled raw materials, products or waste metallurgy, paper making, agriculture, food, medicine, microbiology, and environmental protection industries, separation, purification and so on. With the improvement of flotation processes and methods, the emergence of new and highly efficient flotation reagents and equipment, flotation will be more widely used in more industries and fields.

In general, the process of floating solids from a suspension of water (called a suspension of minerals and water as a slurry) is called flotation. Flotation has been around for hundreds of years. The first oil-floating flotation used in the industry is to stir fine-grained ore with a large amount of oil and water. Some of the hydrophobic and lipophilic minerals in the ore come into the oil and then float. Other hydrophilic and oleophobic minerals remain in the water. Then separate the different minerals from the oil and water. Subsequent surface flotation method used in industry has also been nearly a hundred years old. It is to spread fine ore powder on the flowing water surface. Some hydrophobic and aerobic minerals in the ore float on the water surface, while other hydrophilic and ventilated minerals sink into the water. Separate separately after collection. The above methods are simple, but the efficiency is very low.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the prototype of a modern flotation method, a froth flotation method, which used the bubbles generated in the slurry to increase the gas-liquid interface and improve the separation efficiency. The earliest is the bubble generated by the chemical reaction of minerals in the suspension; some is to introduce the gas directly into the slurry to generate bubbles; and the other is to pressurize the air and the slurry to release bubbles under normal pressure. In 1909, pine oil, alcohol, and the like were found as foaming agents to form suitable bubbles. In 1910, the flotation machine was invented to industrialize foam flotation. In 1925, xanthate was invented as a collector, and flotation was rapidly developed. Based on its efficient separation, flotation has expanded rapidly in other fields in recent decades. With the gradual understanding of flotation, coupled with the emergence of new and highly efficient flotation reagents and the large-scale and diversification of flotation machines, the flotation process and methods have been continuously improved, and the scope and scale of application have been continuously expanded. There are nearly one thousand flotation plants, and the number of minerals treated by flotation every year in the world has reached billions of tons.

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Figure 4-6-1 Basic concept of flotation process

The modern froth flotation process generally involves the following operations: 1 grinding - first grinding the ore to dissociate the useful mineral from other minerals or gangue minerals; 2 adjusting the pulp to adjust the slurry concentration for flotation requirements, and Adding the required flotation agent to improve efficiency; 3 flotation separation - one slurry is inflated and floated in the flotation machine to complete the mineral sorting; 4 product processing - one flotation of the foam product and the tailings product Dehydration separation. The process and basic concepts of froth flotation are shown in the figure.

In Figure 4-6-1, the slurry of solid mineral particles and water (the pulp usually comes from grading or concentration operations) is first reconciled with a suitable flotation agent in a stirred tank, if necessary (in the coal preparation plant) It is necessary to add some water or other process return water (such as filtrate) to mix the slurry concentration to meet the flotation requirements. The main purpose of blending the pulp with a flotation agent is to increase the hydrophobicity of the surface of the mineral to be floated (collector or activator) or to make the surface of the mineral that is not intended to float more hydrophilic, inhibiting their floating (inhibitor) or promoting Bubble formation and dispersion [foaming agent]. The adjusted slurry is sent to the flotation tank, and the slurry and air are simultaneously sucked into the flotation tank by the rotating impeller. The air is pulverized into many bubbles by the turbulent movement of the slurry. It promotes the formation and dispersion of tiny bubbles. In the slurry, the bubbles collide with or contact with the ore particles, and the difference in surface hydrophobicity determines whether the ore particles adhere to the surface of the bubbles. As a result, the surface hydrophobic particles are attached to the particles. The surface of the bubble is carried by the bubble and floated to the surface of the slurry to form a foam layer, which is scraped out into a concentrate; while the particles with strong hydrophilic surface do not adhere to the bubble, remain in the slurry, and finally are discharged with the slurry flow. The tailings become tailings. This useful mineral enters the foam and becomes the concentrate, which is called flotation, and vice versa. The reverse flotation is shown in detail. Figure 4-6-2 details the solid-liquid three-phase mixing that occurs in the flotation tank. ,gas The process of dispersing and mineralizing bubbles and completing the flotation. It is not difficult to see the importance of the difference in surface properties of the ore particles from the above, which is also the basic basis for flotation.

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